{"id":10071,"date":"2025-03-15T15:08:43","date_gmt":"2025-03-15T14:08:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/?p=10071"},"modified":"2025-03-15T15:09:45","modified_gmt":"2025-03-15T14:09:45","slug":"teaching-transition-national-croatia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/ru\/stories\/teaching-transition\/teaching_transition_national\/teaching-transition-national-croatia\/","title":{"rendered":"National lesson plans: Croatia"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10071\" class=\"elementor elementor-10071\" data-elementor-settings=\"{&quot;ha_cmc_init_switcher&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-23c37cbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"23c37cbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5720de0e\" data-id=\"5720de0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ca8bee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5ca8bee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3816f0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3816f0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>CROATIA:<\/b> <br>What is (Economic) Transition? \u2013 Economic Transition from The 1980s Onwards<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fa5d12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fa5d12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Authors: Vedran Risti\u0107, Vedrana Pribi\u010devi\u0107 &amp; Caroline Hornstein Tomi\u0107<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2f0e1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2f0e1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a7bb83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"1a7bb83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/np_croatia.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dcf296 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5dcf296\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b49836d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b49836d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62137ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"62137ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">I. Overview<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e32778d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e32778d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This lesson focuses on tourism as a case study to teach students about the transition from a command to a free market economy. To analyse the effects of tourism on the economy and everyday life, it compares tourists\u2019 experiences from before and after the transition period.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22e4da3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"22e4da3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab2374a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ab2374a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">II. Students\u2019 age<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a9ebe2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a9ebe2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This lesson is aimed at 4th grade grammar school students aged 17-18.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f788492 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f788492\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-438bfc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"438bfc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">III. Objectives<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3e98cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3e98cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Learning outcomes based on the national curricula: POV S\u0160 B.4.1. Students examine different forms and stages of economic development in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in Croatia, Europe, and the World.<\/p><p>Lesson outcomes:<\/p><ul><li>The students will be able to:<\/li><li>Define the concept of economic transition.<\/li><li>Analyse the effects of economic transition on Croatian tourism.<\/li><li>Evaluate the pros and cons of command and free market economies.<\/li><\/ul><p>Lesson aim:<\/p><ul><li>To inspire reflection on processes of economic transition and raise awareness about positive and negative outcomes attached to this notion.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3217273 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3217273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0077af0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0077af0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">IV. Key concepts<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eee893b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eee893b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Worker self-management, command economy, free market economy, transition (privatization, liberalization, transformation, reconstruction, convergence, war economy).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69847dc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"69847dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94623d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"94623d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V. Key question<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8e8aca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8e8aca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>How did the economic transition affect Croatian tourism and how did it affect the everyday lives of the Croatian population?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9e5171 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d9e5171\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-334613b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"334613b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">VI. Prior knowledge<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93fd28f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93fd28f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Based on the curriculum, students should be familiar with most of the following topics relevant for understanding the economic transition: The Great Economic Crisis of 1929, the economy of the USSR, the rise and fall of communism, the Cold War, globalization, European integration, and the Croatian War of Independence (Homeland War)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df93753 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df93753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-449b309 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"449b309\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b37870b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b37870b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">VII. Step-by-step description of the lesson<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c4b653 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c4b653\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>ACTIVITY 1: What did you do last summer? (2 min)<\/strong><\/p><p>The teacher asks students where they went for vacation last summer (or the summer before that considering the COVID-19 situation) and leads a short introductory conversation about the topic.<\/p><p><strong>ACTIVITY 2: Head in the clouds (5 min)<\/strong><\/p><p>The teacher asks students the following question: Do you know what constitutes a command economy? Students write down at least three terms which they associate with a command economy. A live word cloud can be created via<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mentimeter.com\/\"> www. mentimeter.com<\/a> or similar tools, or the answers can be written on the board. The teacher and students read and comment on the answers. The same procedure is repeated for the question: Do you know what constitutes a free market economy?<\/p><p><strong>ACTIVITY 3: Rewind the tape (5 min)<\/strong><\/p><p>The teacher asks several questions <a href=\"#AppendixA\">(see APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE A)<\/a> about the economic history of Croatia \u2013 with a special focus on the 1980s, when Croatia was a republic in the Yugoslav Federation \u2013 either through an interactive quiz, using an online tool, or PowerPoint. Students answer the questions based on prior knowledge, deduction or speculation based on what knowledge they might already have on this subject. The teacher encourages students to give answers which they may have picked up from their parents, relatives, friends, school, or immediate environment, even if they are not sure of their accuracy. The questions in the test are designed to challenge misconceptions and prejudice, both in those who idealise and those who denigrate Croatia as part of socialist Yugoslavia. Once all the students have given their answers, the teacher presents the correct answers on the next slide with an explanation, facts, charts, figures, and discusses these answers with the students.<\/p><p><strong> ACTIVITY 4: Introducing workers\u2019 self-management (7 min)<\/strong><\/p><p>The teacher gives the students a card containing information on workers\u2019 self-management in Yugoslavia <a href=\"#AppendixB\">(see APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE B)<\/a>. After reading the students answer the questions provided.<\/p><p><strong>ACTIVITY 5: Soaking up some sun (7 min) <\/strong><\/p><p>Students read the text \u201cTourism \u2013 the socialist way\u201d <a href=\"#AppendixC\">(see APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE C)<\/a>. The goal is to present Yugoslav socialism through the lens of tourism, which might prove useful in several ways. Firstly, students can draw on their personal experience of travelling for leisure, so they can easily relate and compare historical accounts with tourism today. Secondly, tourism is an important sector of the Croatian economy, both historically and currently; it can effectively be used to illustrate institutions of socialism, the transformation\/transition period and nascent capitalism. Upon reading the text, students are asked what the main pros and cons of command economy tourism might be. A table is either projected or drawn on a flipchart\/board.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-192dbb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"192dbb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"402\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.41.34-768x402.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10073\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.41.34-768x402.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.41.34-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.41.34-1024x537.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.41.34-1536x805.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.41.34.png 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658caa3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"658caa3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>ACTIVITY 6: A tourist trap (20 min)<\/strong><\/p><p>The Teacher divides the students into 5 groups. Each group reads the citations of tourists from the table \u201cLet\u2019s go on a summer vacation!\u201d <a href=\"#AppendixD\">(see APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE D)<\/a> and one of the 1A-1E texts <a href=\"#AppendixE\">(see APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE E)<\/a>. The goal is to study the citations and determine which people would travel to which destination and identify reasons for this choice. After the task is completed, the spokesperson of each group presents their solutions. The teacher encourages comments and helps students amend the table containing the pros and cons of command economy tourism.<\/p><p><strong>ACTIVITY 7: Winds of war and economic transition (7 min)<\/strong><\/p><p>The teacher gives students a card containing a text about the Homeland War and its effects on tourism in Croatia <a href=\"#AppendixF\">(see APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE F)<\/a>. After reading this information, students answer the questions provided.<\/p><p><strong>ACTIVITY 8: Head in the sand<\/strong><\/p><p>The teacher presents several questions <a href=\"#AppendixG\">(see APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE G)<\/a> on the transition process, either through an interactive quiz, using www.mentimeter. com, or a PowerPoint presentation. Students answer the questions using any prior knowledge they might have on the subject. The teacher encourages students to give answers which they may have picked up from their parents, relatives, friends, school, or immediate environment, even if they are not sure of their accuracy. Once all the students give their answers, the teacher presents the correct answers on the next slide with an explanation, facts, charts, and figures and discusses them with the students.<\/p><p><strong>ACTIVITY 9: I Know What You Did Last Summer (20 min)<\/strong><\/p><p>The teacher once more divides students into 5 groups. Each group reads texts 2A-2E <a href=\"#AppendixH\">(see APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE H)<\/a> and again uses quotes from the tourists in the table <em>\u201cLet\u2019s go on a summer vacation!\u201d<\/em> <a href=\"#AppendixD\">(see APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE D)<\/a>. The goal is to study the citations and determine which people would travel to each destination <em>following<\/em> the transition. After the task is completed, the spokesperson of each group presents their solutions. The teacher encourages comments and helps students understand how vacation plans might have changed for each person as the structure of the economy changed due to the transition process.<\/p><p><strong> ACTIVITY 10: Discussion and assessment (10 min)<\/strong><\/p><p>The teacher asks a series of questions intended to encourage discussion about the transition period <a href=\"#AppendixI\">(See APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE I)<\/a>. The teacher can choose which questions to ask depending on the emphasis she\/he wants to make.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1042593 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1042593\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae10953 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ae10953\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e54c82d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e54c82d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">APPENDIX<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf358a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1bf358a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixA\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE A: Myth busting<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1aa112d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1aa112d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\ufffd <strong>Q1: In Yugoslavia, everyone had a job \u2013 there was no unemployment.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>FALSE <\/strong><\/p><p>Unemployment rates in Yugoslavia (source: OECD)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9ce527 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b9ce527\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"366\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.48.07-768x366.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10077\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.48.07-768x366.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.48.07-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.48.07-1024x487.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.48.07-1536x731.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.48.07-2048x975.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cdcf97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4cdcf97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-019c47a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"019c47a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701aa1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701aa1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong> Yugoslavia started having problems with unemployment as early as the mid-1960s. The average unemployment rate increased from 6% in 1965 to over 16% in 1990, though there were substantial differences across the republics: Slovenia had practically full employment, while Macedonia and Kosovo had particularly high rates of unemployment.<\/p><p>\ufffd<strong> Q2: Yugoslavia\/Croatia was an export giant.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>FALSE <\/strong><\/p><p>Exports as percentage of GDP (Source: OECD)<strong><br \/><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dd28f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3dd28f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"374\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.51.23-768x374.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10079\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.51.23-768x374.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.51.23-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.51.23-1024x498.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.51.23.png 1147w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e331219 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e331219\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d923b13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d923b13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d8e99f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d8e99f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong> The domestic market was much more important than the foreign market, with 82.1% of production allocated to a domestic or regional market. This characteristic of the economy persists even after the break-up of the country, albeit not in Slovenia, but things begin to change under the influence of the crisis of the eighties.<\/p><p>\ufffd <strong>Q3: Standards of living simply continued to increase in Yugoslavia. <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>FALSE<\/strong><\/p><p>GDP per capita (Source: Maddison database)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abd4eae elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"abd4eae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"479\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.54.54-768x479.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10081\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.54.54-768x479.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.54.54-300x187.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.54.54-1024x639.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.54.54-1536x959.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-13.54.54.png 1820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-495bd97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"495bd97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: Maddison database<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef6bdee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ef6bdee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ec1b50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ec1b50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong> While GDP per capita increased by a factor of five from 1947 to 1979, the 1980s were marked by stagnation or even a fall in GDP per capita from 1988 to 1990.<\/p><p>\ufffd <strong>Q4: Life expectancy increased during the period when Croatia was part of Yugoslavia.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong> TRUE<\/strong><\/p><p>Life expectancy at birth (Source: World Bank)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-446a75f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"446a75f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.03.09-768x473.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10083\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.03.09-768x473.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.03.09-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.03.09-1024x631.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.03.09-1536x946.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.03.09.png 1806w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2007ab8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2007ab8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: World Development Indicators<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bff4d0e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bff4d0e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12ceb89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"12ceb89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong> Over the course of thirty years, life expectancy at birth in Croatia increased by 7,5 years.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9195c53 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9195c53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5117d43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5117d43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71f34d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71f34d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixB\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE B: Workers\u2019 self-management<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e515494 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e515494\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Yugoslav model of socialism was conceived after the political split between Yugoslavia and the USSR in 1948. Prior to the Stalin-Tito schism, Yugoslavia had all the ingredients of a socialist economic system: party control of the economy, central planning, and state ownership of the means of production brought about through nationalisation and the expropriation of private property, a state monopoly over the most important spheres of the economy (investment, banking, foreign trade) and administrative control of most prices. The central ized system of economic administration lacked proper incentives for workers and firms, so it became necessary to introduce some elements of a market to stimulate growth. The new economic model introduced in 1950 was assigned the direct management of public property to the workforce of enterprises, introducing the principle of self-management into the economy. The factories, however, would not be owned by workers (nor by the state, for that matter), but only managed by them. The workers could appoint directors, but only the ones who had the support of the Communist Party. With further reforms in the 1970s, a special blend of economic models emerged with features of all three groups \u2013 socialist, market and self-managed \u2013 that were further sustained by the country\u2019s favourable international relations. The openness Yugoslavia enjoyed throughout the 1960s and 1970s was a prerequisite for the development of tourism, where substantial government investments were directed towards constructing large hotel complexes aimed at increasing the capacity to accommodate domestic and foreign guests.<\/p><ol><li>Can you define workers\u2019 self-management in one or two sentences?<\/li><li>Which three key concepts would you highlight in defining workers\u2019 self-management?<\/li><li>Would you relate workers\u2019 self-management more closely with a planned economy or free market economy?<\/li><li>Are there any ambiguities you can identify in the concept of workers\u2019 self-management?<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14d7ada elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"14d7ada\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bc885e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9bc885e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4640505 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4640505\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixC\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE C: Tourism \u2013 the socialist way<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b004d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b004d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tourism was an extremely important sector of the Yugoslav economy, with Croatia contributing about 80% of the total number of tourists in the entire federation. Tourism was also an important source of foreign currency which was often used to offset negative trade balance trends emerging in the 1980s. In other words, revenue from tourism often paid for the difference in value between exports and imports, allowing Yugoslavia to run a sizable trade deficit.<\/p><p>The vision of a satisfied and thus productive worker was a key cornerstone of socialist ideology, so companies invested great efforts to provide or subsidize vacations for workers. Just after World War II, a two-week paid leave was introduced; by 1973, Yugoslav workers had 18-30 days of paid leave a year. Government also subsidized transportation to vacation destinations. From 1965, the government and firms paid a holiday allowance to workers which amounted to about 1\/3 of an average salary. Companies often had their own seaside resorts which their workforce could use for vacation at an affordable price.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e61cfcc elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e61cfcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1b43d7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1b43d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2429515 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2429515\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixD\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE D: Let\u2019s go on a summer vacation!<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ceed107 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ceed107\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Select quotes from magazine polls in the 1980s<\/strong><\/p><p><em>In my 22 years of employment, I\u2019ve rarely missed the opportunity to go on summer vacation. I mostly stayed in our union resort because it is the cheapest. This year I\u2019ve planned a vacation to Zadar myself. I plan to spend around 2000 dinars with my wife and daughter.<\/em><br \/>\u2013 Milan Medakovi\u0107, storehouse worker.<\/p><p><em>I spend my summer vacation at my mother in law\u2019s house on [the island of] Pa\u0161man. [&#8230;] My child is down there for the entire summer, and I have a greater degree of comfort there than anywhere else.<br \/><\/em>\u2013 Velimir Margeti\u0107, director in a state company.<\/p><p><em>This year I plan to stay with my family in a resort in Makarska for fifteen days. There will be days of sunbathing, swimming, indulging in some fine drinks and leaving behind everyday worries. I will set aside 2500 dinars out of our house budget for the summer vacation.<\/em> <br \/>\u2013 Tomo \u0160uica, storehouse worker in an agricultural company from Karlovac.<\/p><p><em>I can only speak for myself because I work in a factory and in agriculture. I work in agriculture because our income in the textile industry isn\u2019t high enough to cover living expenses. I can\u2019t, for instance, leave my hay at home and go to the theatre for pleasure, or somewhere else the young might go.<\/em> <br \/>\u2013 Branko Crnek, a textile worker from Krapina.<\/p><p><em>I\u2019ll spend my vacation home on the lawn mower with a pitchfork in my hands. I\u2019ve never spent it outside my place of residence. Given the opportunity, I would spend it in our resort, where most Gavrilovi\u0107 workers go. I\u2019m not going because I haven\u2019t managed to save any money<\/em>.<br \/>\u2013 Dragan Dobri\u0107, a meat industry worker from Poljana near Topusko.<\/p><p><em>I can\u2019t go on vacation because my income is too low, around 1800 dinars, which I use to support five children. I have three acres of land I must work to grow the bare minimum for my family. I would love to go to the seaside, but it\u2019s not possible for me.<\/em> <br \/>\u2013 Branko \u0160iljac from Hra\u0161\u0107a near Ozalj.<\/p><p><em>The offer of \u201ctourist merchandise\u201d is limited because it\u2019s not primarily a consumer society, and what we\u2019ve seen is no poorer than what we\u2019ve seen in much larger quantities in all tourist destinations around the world. The buyers should look for what Yugoslavia is most known for \u2013 crystal, embroidery, woodcarvings. [&#8230;] These independent, brave people aren\u2019t used to putting up with spoiled \u201cugly Americans\u201d! Be \u201cEuropean\u201d \u2013 reserved, polite, and unobtrusively dressed.<\/em><br \/>\u2013 Charlette L. Grable, American tourist.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82037c9 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"82037c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-486f24c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"486f24c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7190ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7190ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixE\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE E: Destinations<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-555e437 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"555e437\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>1A Worker\u2019s resorts<\/strong><\/p><p>Companies could direct a part of their resources into the development of tourist infrastructure to secure affordable, or even free vacations in their own resorts. The accommodation and service would be rudimentary, following the \u201cbed, plate and sun\u201d principle. In some areas local tourist businesses saw the resorts as competition, while in others they were the spearhead of tourism. In the off-season some hoteliers made arrangements with work organizations to fill their capacities by lowering prices. As the workers\u2019 living standard rose, so did their expectations, therefore some upgraded their resorts into B category hotels. There were 80,335 beds in worker\u00b4s resorts in Croatia in 1988, which made for 24% of all domestic stays. Union councils and companies with no resorts of their own made arrangements with private accommodation holders. So, in the early 1980s, a good part of the Makarska riviera was under that kind of lease. Unions could also secure no-interest loans which could be paid over several months. Sometimes, the poorest workers would be sent on vacation for free.<\/p><ul><li>How did the communal ownership system enable workers to go on vacation?<\/li><li>What are the advantages and drawbacks of a \u201cunion\u201d vacation as opposed to arranging one\u2019s own vacation?<\/li><li>Where is the \u201cprofit\u201d in paying for workers\u2019 vacation?<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>1B World trends<\/strong><\/p><p>Although Yugoslavia tried to develop capacities which would attract elite tourism, the lack of a free market and an underdeveloped infrastructure significantly reduced offers which might be interesting to such guests. The locals saw tourism as easy seasonal income. One guest noticed: \u201cthe Yugoslav people are genuinely likable and hospitable [&#8230;] but when they put on their waiters\u2019 shirt, meaning when they are officially working, they give the impression of someone suffering forced labour.\u201d One international poll on hospitality placed Yugoslavia 20th on a list of 23 countries. Still, openness towards foreign tourists brought in world trends that challenged the local conservative outlook. Well-off homosexuals that vacationed on the island of Rab were nicknamed the \u201cconsumer avantgarde\u201d, and the 1970s saw the arrival of \u201chippies\u201d at the seaside. In 1961, a naturist (nudist) camp, Koversada, was opened near Vrsar. The international naturist federation congress was held there in 1972. Spending outside of accommodation was low because of poor offers, with very few organized activities like diving, sailing etc. where tourist could spend their income, and the guests were mostly working class and hadn\u2019t come on holiday to shop. The entertainment options on offer were also weak and mostly comprised small galleries and classical or pop music concerts. The Yugoslav part of the Adriatic was nicknamed \u201cEurope\u2019s most comfortable place to sleep\u201d.<\/p><ul><li>What sorts of global trends entered Yugoslavia in the 1960s and 1970s? Was this typical in communist states?\u00a0<\/li><li>Why do you think Yugoslavia scored low in the hospitality department?\u00a0<\/li><li>What prevented Yugoslavia from developing elite tourism capacities? Can that be linked to the command economy?\u00a0<\/li><li>Why do you think there were no major problems in the clash between conservative and modern worldviews?<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>1C Socialism and entrepreneurship?!<\/strong><\/p><p>Although the construction of a private boarding house was financially risky, many increased their income that way. This sort of entrepreneurship was not in line with the socialist worldview, so state officials were not allowed to participate in this. The president of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Croatia, Milka Planinc stated in 1972:<\/p><p>\u201cToday people can get rich based on ownership with no work. [&#8230;] What is this really about? Society has invested vast resources into roads, infrastructure, the construction of expensive objects that transformed the local landscape and made it commercially interesting. Society has invested billions, and the owner comes with his resources and builds a house there. Even if it costs 10-20 million, it is nothing compared to what society has invested and he exploits to his own advantage the entire process which took place over the last 10 years of our successful development.\u201d The imbalance of foreign trade in the Socialist Republic of Croatia (SRH) had been precarious since 1966. The need for foreign currency made foreign guests desirable and \u201ccapitalistic\u201d private entrepreneurship was tolerated.<\/p><ul><li>What was the official position of the government on private accommodation?<span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">What were the reasons behind the arguments? Would you agree with them? Explain.<\/span><\/li><li>What does the foreign trade imbalance say about the Yugoslav economy?<\/li><li>Why was entrepreneurship in private accommodation tolerated?<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>1D Hotel tourism <\/strong><\/p><p>The 1960s and 1970s saw a construction boom in Yugoslavia for which the Adriatic was nicknamed \u201cEurope\u2019s construction site\u201d. Hundreds of hotels, hotel complexes, camps and tourist settlements were built. Some of them are counted among high achievements of modernist architecture. They were intended for all guests, but the more luxurious hotels, like the hotel Adriatic in Umag, attracted almost exclusively foreign guests. In addition to luxury lodging, it offered a bar and terrace, casino, strip shows, and shows by world renowned artists like Tom Jones. The director commented: \u201cWe have no working hours. [&#8230;] We\u2019re here for the guests. We can sell our services only while the guests are here and are in a spending mood.\u201d The hotel complex Haludovo on the island of Krk attracted foreign partners like the owner of the magazine Penthouse. Advertising in that magazine cost $15,000 per page, when at the same time, the price of a \u2018\u2019fi\u0107o\u201c (Fiat 500 car) was around $1,000. The tourist complex Babin Kuk near Dubrovnik offered everything needed for a longer stay including entertainment, sports fields, and shops.<\/p><ul><li>Why was there a construction boom in the 1960s and 1970s? For whom were the different properties built? Explain.<\/li><li>Why did luxury hotels accommodate mostly foreign guests?<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>1E Feet in a washbowl<\/strong><\/p><p>Despite all the state incentives and socialist ideas of equality, there were those who didn\u2019t go on summer vacation at all. One poll in 1985 showed that 35% of those surveyed saw travelling for a summer vacation as a luxury. A washbowl was used to symbolize that mood in the 1970s, giving rise to a common refrain, \u201cthose who have money soak in the sea, and those who have none soak at home in a washbowl\u201d. State allowances were used by many to supplement their income. If they were granted in the first half of the year, they would already be spent by the summer months. Farmers couldn\u2019t leave on vacation because of summer field work. The residents of coastal areas left for hot springs or mountain areas, but more often stayed home to earn money by renting their rooms.<\/p><ul><li>What does the washbowl symbolize?<\/li><li>Who couldn\u2019t go on summer vacation, and why?<\/li><li>Can the inability of some to go on summer vacation be seen as a failure of socialism? Explain.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d199c57 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d199c57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c20fb21 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c20fb21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bcbfca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6bcbfca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixF\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE F: The Homeland War and the economic transition<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05f0c54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05f0c54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Homeland War and other conflicts in the territory of the former Yugoslavia were ruinous for the economy of the newly founded Republic of Croatia. Direct and indirect damages were estimated at $37 billion. GDP dropped by half, traffic was blocked for years, and a quarter of the territory was under occupation. From 1988 to 1992, tourism revenue fell by 87.3%. It was only after 1997, when the region stabilized and roads started to be renewed, that a slow recovery of tourism began.<\/p><p>Alongside the war, the economic transition to a free market economy was underway which included processes of privatization, liberalization, and stabilization. By 1996, the legislative framework for privatization was finished and about 2,500 companies valued at 25 billion DEM in total (about 50% of the value of the entire Croatian economy) changed their owners. In the process, a lot of political trading occurred, and companies were often passed to uninterested owners or those who made a quick profit by selling them on.<\/p><ul><li>How did the Homeland War affect tourism?<\/li><li>What is economic transition to a free market economy?\u00a0<\/li><li>Reflect on how the period of the economic transition might have affected tourism.<\/li><\/ul><p>Upon reading the text, students are asked what they think the main pros and cons of a free market economy are. This table is either projected or drawn on a flipchart\/board.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ae5d90 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ae5d90\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-afc9126 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"afc9126\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"409\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.17.07-768x409.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10085\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.17.07-768x409.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.17.07-300x160.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.17.07-1024x545.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.17.07-1536x817.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.17.07.png 1872w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1dfdf7c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1dfdf7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4618d11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4618d11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixG\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE G<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c988e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c988e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\ufffd <strong>Q1: The Croatian economy was greatly set back by the Homeland War. <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>TRUE<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a14d153 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a14d153\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0818aba elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0818aba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"463\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.22.24-768x463.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10090\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.22.24-768x463.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.22.24-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.22.24-1024x618.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.22.24-1536x927.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.22.24.png 1860w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b79bff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b79bff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: Maddison database<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3384cc2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3384cc2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b99a93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b99a93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong> During the Homeland War, in the period between 1991-1995, GDP per capita had fallen to the levels of the early 1970s, which is a twenty-year setback. It was only in 2004 that GDP per capita returned to the highest levels of the 1980s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d53337b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d53337b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14bf4f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"14bf4f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\ufffd<strong> Q2: The economic setback produced by the Homeland War was exclusively to blame for the fall in GDP per capita. <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>FALSE<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-318790e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"318790e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c4fee9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6c4fee9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"597\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.26.14-768x597.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10092\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.26.14-768x597.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.26.14-300x233.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.26.14-1024x796.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.26.14-1536x1194.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.26.14.png 1950w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b12f68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b12f68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: Maddison database<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c698156 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c698156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31fe59d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31fe59d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong> During the Homeland War, in the period between 1991-1995, GDP per capita had fallen to the levels of the early 1970s, which is a twenty-year setback. It was only in 2004 that GDP per capita returned to the highest levels of the 1980s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51f111e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"51f111e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-557c7a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"557c7a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\ufffd<strong> Q3: The transition period in Croatia also lead to noticeable democratization.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong> PARTIALLY TRUE<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-633a40c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"633a40c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3d9ab8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f3d9ab8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"509\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.30.02-768x509.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10094\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.30.02-768x509.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.30.02-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.30.02-1024x678.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.30.02-1536x1018.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.30.02.png 1896w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05dcf72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05dcf72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: World Bank WGI<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18c2cfd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"18c2cfd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae44c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ae44c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong> Complex measurements of the democratization of society are included in the World Bank\u2019s Governance Indicators which are a composite of many different indexes. \u201cVoice and Accountability\u201d captures perceptions of the extent to which a country\u2019s citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media. \u201cPolitical Stability and Absence of Violence\/Terrorism\u201d measures perceptions of the likelihood of political instability and\/or politically motivated violence, including terrorism. \u201cControl of Corruption\u201d captures perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as \u201ccapture\u201d of the state by elites and private interests. In the second half of the 1990s and at the beginning of the 2000s, indicators improved, only to level off in the period from 2004-2019, which means Croatia\u2019s democracy was slow to consolidate. Some improvements in the political stability indicator coincide with accession to EU, while indicators showing control of corruption worsen in the same period.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6311ddc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6311ddc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17c7c50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17c7c50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\ufffd<strong> Q4: Croatia has a history of high inflation, especially during the early period of the transition process. <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>TRUE<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3137f88 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3137f88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d88f8bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d88f8bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"506\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.31.24-768x506.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10096\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.31.24-768x506.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.31.24-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.31.24-1024x675.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.31.24-1536x1012.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.31.24.png 1852w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad0a2e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ad0a2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSource: World Development Indicators68<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d865315 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d865315\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-454ed06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"454ed06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong> Croatia had endemically high inflation in the years before the breakup of Yugoslavia. It entered the transition period with an inflation rate of 1400% per year in 1989. There was a second spike in inflation during wartime in 1993, where it reached 1500% per year. The stabilization programme which aimed to cut inflation successfully reduced the inflation rate to below 4% in 1995. The programme included the introduction of a new currency \u2013 the Croatian kuna \u2013 and it assured its full convertibility to other currencies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63726f6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"63726f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1985421 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1985421\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\ufffd<strong> Q5: Economic inequality increased greatly during the transition period. <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>FALSE<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76ef8a1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"76ef8a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2888f88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2888f88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"353\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.33.08-768x353.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10098\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.33.08-768x353.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.33.08-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.33.08-1024x470.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.33.08-1536x705.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.33.08.png 1856w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533fb41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"533fb41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSource: World Bank<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa75234 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fa75234\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"431\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.33.57-768x431.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10100\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.33.57-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.33.57-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.33.57-1024x575.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.33.57-1536x862.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.33.57.png 1982w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3884f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3884f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b24bfc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9b24bfc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4698e31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4698e31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong> The Gini coefficient, which measures inequality in the distribution of income, increased from 22.8 in 1988, to 32.6 in 2009. Since no data exists for the period from 1989 to 2009, some estimates suggest that Croatia has had a remarkably stable Gini coefficient during the transition period, unlike the Commonwealth of Independent States (including Russia), which had a considerable rise in inequality. Since then, only minor changes have occurred, leaving Croatia with a level of income inequality only slightly above that of the Central European transition countries on average.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8da388 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b8da388\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bcdf88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8bcdf88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\ufffd<strong> Q6: During the transition period, entrepreneurs in Croatia did not have a positive public image. <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>TRUE<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-633f94a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"633f94a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6056a91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6056a91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"487\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.36.17-768x487.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10102\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.36.17-768x487.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.36.17-300x190.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.36.17-1024x649.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.36.17.png 1486w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0509920 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0509920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSource: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5419886 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5419886\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.36.27-768x394.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10104\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.36.27-768x394.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.36.27-300x154.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.36.27-1024x525.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.36.27.png 1514w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24b190e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24b190e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source:Global Entrepreneurship Monitor<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ec5c43 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ec5c43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488d720 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488d720\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong> While the number of entrepreneurs increased according to the TEA index calculated by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, this was not followed by improvements in the public image of entrepreneurs. At the advent of recession in 2009, less than 50% of respondents agreed that successful entrepreneurs held high social status. Privatization had tarnished the image of entrepreneurs. This is also visible in the way in which they were portrayed by the media: in 2011, only 40.9% of individuals agreed that entrepreneurship received sufficient media attention. Notwithstanding the negative public outlook on entrepreneurial activity, 65.33% of respondents agreed that entrepreneurship is a desirable career path.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c31d52b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c31d52b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dc4a40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dc4a40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\ufffd<strong> Q7: Individuals in Croatia hold mostly negative views on the market economy. <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>TRUE<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01a06d3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"01a06d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c2ffea elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0c2ffea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"461\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.38.32-768x461.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10106\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.38.32-768x461.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.38.32-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.38.32-1024x615.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.38.32-1536x923.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.38.32.png 1914w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b777b17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b777b17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: EBRD. Life in Transition III<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-535b598 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"535b598\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b750a34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b750a34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong> The latest Life in Transition report by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) has shown that Croatian support for a market economy is among the lowest in the transition region, with only 31% of respondents unequivocally supporting the system as opposed to any other alternative. Attitudes towards democracy are more positive, with 49% preferring it to any other type of political system. Overall, more than one-third, and around a quarter, of respondents expressed indifference to the type of economic or political system which exists in Croatia, respectively.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cae1255 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cae1255\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c295b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c295b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\ufffd<strong> Q8: During the transition period, the rate of unemployment in Croatia increased significantly. <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>TRUE<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e58931d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e58931d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1403fa6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1403fa6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"509\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.40.17-768x509.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10108\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.40.17-768x509.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.40.17-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.40.17-1024x678.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.40.17-1536x1017.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.40.17.png 1854w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1daf1bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1daf1bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: Gapminder<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-893b950 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"893b950\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0c9c28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d0c9c28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong> At the beginning of the transition, unemployment in Croatia was more or less in line with the average in the EU. In the early 2000s, it had nearly doubled, almost approaching levels of unemployment seen in Montenegro. More remote parts of Yugoslavia had already recorded high unemployment rates at the beginning of the transition period, signifying large, persistent disparities between the Yugoslav republics. The rise in unemployment in Croatia in the decade following the war could be attributed to economic transformation and the deindustrialization. The unemployment rate decreased during a period of economic expansion before the financial crisis of 2008 and again after Croatia\u2019s accession to the EU, amongst other factors as a result of increased emigration.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04ea4cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"04ea4cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2091981 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2091981\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\ufffd<strong> Q9: The transition period in Croatia was marked by the emergence of capital markets. <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>TRUE<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30c8082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30c8082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-007bd42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"007bd42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"532\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.41.45-768x532.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10110\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.41.45-768x532.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.41.45-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.41.45-1024x710.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.41.45-1536x1064.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.41.45.png 1928w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38e6681 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"38e6681\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: 20 years of the Croatian Capital Market \u2013 adapted from Zagreb stock exchange reports<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b92f910 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b92f910\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfdee09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cfdee09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong> The Zagreb stock exchange held a dominant role in the Western Balkan region until 2008, when its market capitalization significantly decreased due to the global financial crisis and the economic downturn. The expansion of the stock market can be attributed to several liberalization reforms conducted in the 1990s, ranging from opening the stock market to foreign investors to establishing dedicated financial regulatory institutions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcd2a23 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fcd2a23\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35b21d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35b21d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\ufffd<strong> Q10: During the transition period, imports to Croatia increased while exports decreased. <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>FALSE<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cea3ea0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cea3ea0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ddcdb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3ddcdb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"653\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.44.10-768x653.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10112\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.44.10-768x653.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.44.10-300x255.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.44.10-1024x870.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.44.10-1536x1305.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.44.10.png 1850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52117f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52117f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: World Development Indicators<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>16<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb94954 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cb94954\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79f0bbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79f0bbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong> During the transition period, Croatia\u00b4s economy became significantly more internationalized, with exports rising from 27% of GDP in 1995, to 52% of GDP in 2019. There were two catalysts in this process: the crisis of 2008 and Croatia\u2019s accession to the EU. The difference between exports and imports had been virtually eliminated since 2010, with exports and imports more or less moving in unison.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0135f3a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0135f3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4fcc61 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e4fcc61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06c7835 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"06c7835\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixH\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE H: Destinations revisited<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-814ec2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"814ec2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>2A Worker\u2019s resorts <\/strong><\/p><p>The worker\u2019s resort Reflektor, on the island of Murter, was built in 1968. It is owned by the labour union of train drivers, so ownership did not change during the transition period. The main goal of a worker\u2019s resort is to ensure workers can take vacations where <em>\u201cprofit is not the prime objective, but workers and pensioners are able to enjoy a vacation at an elite destination in the Adriatic (with full board) at very affordable prices.\u201d<\/em><\/p><p>Dalibor Petrovi\u0107, a train-driver from Bjelovar, deputy director of the train driver\u2019s union and director of the worker\u2019s resort:<\/p><p><strong><em>\u2018\u2019As companies were privatized, worker\u2019s resorts were either sold or turned into commercial enterprises. A well-known worker\u2019s resort \u2013 far better than the one we have at Slanica \u2013 belonging to Podravka in the city of Pirovac was dismantled, together with a number of others. The train driver labour union took over the ownership of the Reflektor resort in 1993, which required substantial material and human resources \u2013 but we are proud of what we\u2019ve accomplished today. We are the only worker\u2019s resort in the entirety of the Adriatic where a worker or pensioner, and the members of their family, can take a summer vacation at an attractive tourist location. The accommodation is only 5 metres from the sea and, together with full board, costs around 165 kuna per day. We are lucky that train drivers acquired such a property back in 1968 and were able to preserve it.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p><ul><li>What changed after the transition?<\/li><li>How did Reflektor manage to maintain itself?<\/li><li>Why do you think private companies don\u2019t invest in worker\u2019s resorts like their socialist predecessors did?<\/li><li>How do private companies today care for workers?<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>2B World trends <\/strong><\/p><p>Tourism is one of the most important sectors in the Croatian economy. The economic structure is marked by a lack of diversification, most visible in the excessive dependence on the tourism sector. In terms of the relative size of tourism revenues (percentage of GDP), Croatia stands out among traditional tourist countries of the Mediterranean such as Greece or Spain, but also has a higher share of tourism than the island economies of Malta and Cyprus. Globally, Croatia\u2019s share of tourism in GDP is only surpassed by so-called island micro-economies such as the Maldives or the Seychelles, which has profound effects on the economy.<\/p><p>Tourism from the eurozone is a major source of revenue for Croatia, with over 50% of guests originating from the common currency area, bringing in about 70% of the total revenue in tourism.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>17<\/sup><\/a> Traditionally, the most common guests from that group are those from Italy, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia. This graph illustrates Croatia\u2019s eurozone tourist structure vis-a-vis some selected countries of Europe and main tourist competitors within the eurozone. A considerable number of tourists also come from the United States, with Dubrovnik as main attraction because it has been featured in shows such as Game of Thrones and Star Wars. Another niche emerged in the post-transition period, elite tourism, where property development was mostly stifled by unresolved property rights. In other words, it was extremely difficult to find large plots of land for property development which had undisputed ownership. A large plot of land with a single owner is needed to develop luxury resorts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2832e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e2832e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"561\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.48.12-768x561.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10114\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.48.12-768x561.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.48.12-300x219.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.48.12-1024x748.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.48.12.png 1516w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8915080 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8915080\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: Croatian National Bank<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5906b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5906b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>What changed after the transition?<\/li><li>Who profited most after the transition?<\/li><li>What problems does an economy, which is excessively dependent on tourism face?<\/li><li>Is a \u201ctourism dependent economy\u201d sustainable?<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>2C Free entrepreneurship or free rentierism?<\/strong><\/p><p>Croatia has some 100,000 registered private renters who rent out their properties, mostly for short-term rentals to tourists. Owners of these properties pay the lowest taxes of all income earning individuals: a lump sum tax of 300 kuna per bed per year. The increase in tourism in the aftermath of the transition had a profound effect on property prices. For instance, in the period from 1990 to 2010, the prices of newly built properties increased by 92%. These prices rose further when Croatia entered the EU. Digital platforms increased the supply of tourist accommodation, leading to the airbnb-ization of city centres along the coast. However, digital platforms also suggest prices to those who rent out their properties, which increases competition and lowers the prices of accommodation for consumers.<\/p><ul><li>What changed after the transition?<\/li><li>Was renting more profitable for private individuals before or after the transition? Explain.<\/li><li>How do you think the collapse of the command economy and the social support system has affected the rise of private renting?<\/li><\/ul><p><strong> 2D Hotel tourism revisited<\/strong><\/p><p>The Haludovo Palace Hotel on the island of Krk was designed in 1971 by Boris Maga\u0161, a renowned Croatian architect and member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The project was funded by Bob Guccione, the founder of Penthouse magazine, who opened a casino on the property which quickly went bankrupt. The hotel was owned by the Brodokomerc company and served as a shelter for refugees during the war. The hotel was bought by its director, who received loans from the Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development to prepare the property for the tourist season, in 1995. However, he did not invest the funds in the property and an investigation was later opened. The court case lasted for more than a decade. The hotel had its last guests in 2001. Ultimately, the hotel was sold to a foreign investor who is unable to invest in the property due to a dispute over property rights and problems in the process of privatization. Today, despite being abandoned, it serves as a tourist attraction.<\/p><ul><li>What were the difficulties faced when the hotel was privatized?\u00a0<\/li><li>Should the Croatian government have done more to keep the hotel open or not? Why?<\/li><li>How was the hotel able to function before the transition and what changed?<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>2E Feet (still) in a washbowl?<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a5bd7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5a5bd7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"597\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.53.10-768x597.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10119\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.53.10-768x597.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.53.10-300x233.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.53.10-1024x796.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.53.10-1536x1194.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-14.53.10.png 1960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0215492 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0215492\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: Eurostat<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec3b261 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec3b261\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In 2019, nearly every second Croatian citizen older than 16 years of age was unable to afford a one-week annual holiday away from home. The EU average was 28.4%. Inside the EU, only the Romanians and Greeks fared worse, but the situation was even bleaker during the Great Recession of 2008, when approximately 70% of Croats could not afford paying for one week of annual holiday. In the same period, the champions of the transition, the so-called Baltic tigers, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania experienced a sharp decline in the percentage of individuals not being able to afford holidays, from 58.8% to 30.4% on average.<\/p><ul><li>When it comes to ordinary citizens and their vacations, are they better off or worse off after the transition?<\/li><li>Reflect on the reasons why, in a comparison between EU-member states, the percentage of people who can afford a weekly annual holiday differs so greatly.<\/li><li>To what extent is the ability to pay for a vacation an indicator of financial wellbeing?<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5fee68 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d5fee68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-535109e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"535109e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-552d5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"552d5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixI\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE I: Questions for final discussion\/essay<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-325cce6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"325cce6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Was there a sound economic basis on which the socialist system could function? In the end, who paid for these vacations? Was this based on real productivity? Maintenance of the resorts was sustained by the companies and unions, how did they cover these costs? Did the state ultimately cover the costs, and by what measures (inflation, foreign debt, etc.)? Why don\u2019t todays\u2019 companies sustain worker\u2019s resorts? Why is tourism today mostly run privately?<\/p><p>How do social concepts like justice, fairness, equality, transparency, loyalty, and equity, relate to the two economic systems in place before and after the transition? Which core values would you associate with the economy before and after the transition?<\/p><p>Are there \u201cwinners\u201d and \u201closers\u201d in the transition process? Are traces of the socialist economy still visible in your country?<\/p><p>Some theoreticians claim that the economic transition is ongoing. Using your knowledge of the situation in your country, discuss this question in class.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f00bea3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f00bea3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6745343 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6745343\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42258c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42258c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"footnotes\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Footnotes<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5833c8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5833c8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li>The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/wiiw.ac.at\/\">https:\/\/wiiw.ac.at<\/a><\/li><li>Ibid.<\/li><li>Groningen Growth and Development Centre: Maddison Project Database 2020. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/historicaldevelopment\/maddison\/releases\/maddison-project-database-2020?lang=en\">https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/historicaldevelopment\/maddison\/releases\/maddison-project-database- 2020?lang=en<\/a><\/li><li>World Bank, World Development Indicators. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators\">https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/ source\/world-development-indicators<\/a><\/li><li>Groningen Growth and Development Centre: Maddison Project Database 2020. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/historicaldevelopment\/maddison\/releases\/maddison-project-database-2020?lang=en\">https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/historicaldevelopment\/maddison\/releases\/maddison-project-database- 2020?lang=en<\/a><\/li><li>Ibid<\/li><li>World Bank. Worldwide Governance Indicators. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/worldwide-governance-indicators\">https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/worldwide-governance-indicators<\/a><\/li><li>World Bank, World Development Indicators. <a href=\"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators\">https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/worlddevelopment- indicators<\/a><\/li><li>Gini index (World Bank estimate) \u2013 Croatia. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/\">http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/ SI.POV.GINI?locations=HR 70<\/a><\/li><li>Leitner S. &amp; Holzner, M. (2009): \u2018Inequality in Croatia in Comparison. Research Report 355\u2019, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, p.2. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/wiiw.ac.at\/inequality-in-croatia-in-comparison-dlp-1887.pdf\">https:\/\/wiiw.ac.at\/ inequality-in-croatia-in-comparison-dlp-1887.pdf<\/a><\/li><li>Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gemconsortium.org\/\">https:\/\/www.gemconsortium.org<\/a><\/li><li>Ibid<\/li><li>European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2016): Life in Transition Report III, p.87. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebrd.com\/publications\/life-in-transition-iii.pdf\">https:\/\/www.ebrd.com\/publications\/life-in-transition-iii.pdf<\/a><\/li><li>Gapminder. Data documentation. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gapminder.org\/data\/\">https:\/\/www.gapminder.org\/data\/<\/a><\/li><li>Grubi\u0161i\u0107 \u0160eba, M. (2017): \u201820 Years of the Croatian Capital Market\u2019. In: Zagreb International Review of Economics &amp; Business, Vol. 20 No. SCI, 2017. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hnb.hr\/\">https:\/\/www.hnb.hr\/ documents\/20182\/2070697\/s-026.pdf\/e984ecbe-febc-4c69-a62c-b289908efc36<\/a><\/li><li>World Bank, World Development Indicators. <a href=\"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators\">https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/worlddevelopment- indicator<\/a><\/li><li>Bukov\u0161ak, M.; \u0106udina, A. &amp; Pavi\u0107, N. (2017): \u2018Adoption of the Euro in Croatia: Possible Effects on International Trade and Investments\u2019. Croatian National Bank, p.10. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hnb.hr\/documents\/20182\/2070697\/s-026.pdf\/e984ecbe-febc-4c69-a62c-b289908efc36\">https:\/\/www.hnb.hr\/documents\/20182\/2070697\/s-026.pdf\/e984ecbe-febc-4c69-a62cb289908efc36<\/a><\/li><li>Eurostat: \u2018Inability to afford a one-week annual holiday\u2019. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b25b2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"75b25b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CROATIA: What is (Economic) Transition? \u2013 Economic Transition from The 1980s Onwards Authors: Vedran Risti\u0107, Vedrana Pribi\u010devi\u0107 &amp; Caroline Hornstein Tomi\u0107 Download PDF I. Overview This lesson focuses on tourism as a case study to teach students about the transition from a command to a free market economy. To analyse the effects of tourism on [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":8533,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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