{"id":10136,"date":"2025-03-15T16:07:34","date_gmt":"2025-03-15T15:07:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/?p=10136"},"modified":"2025-03-15T16:07:40","modified_gmt":"2025-03-15T15:07:40","slug":"teaching-transition-national-bulgaria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/ru\/stories\/teaching-transition\/teaching_transition_national\/teaching-transition-national-bulgaria\/","title":{"rendered":"National lesson plans: Bulgaria"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10136\" class=\"elementor elementor-10136\" data-elementor-settings=\"{&quot;ha_cmc_init_switcher&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-23c37cbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"23c37cbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5720de0e\" data-id=\"5720de0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ca8bee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5ca8bee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3816f0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3816f0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>BULGARIA:<\/b> <br>People and Monumants During Times of Transition<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fa5d12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fa5d12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Author: Bistra Stoimenova<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2f0e1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2f0e1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a7bb83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"1a7bb83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/np_bulgaria.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dcf296 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5dcf296\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b49836d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b49836d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62137ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"62137ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">I. Overview<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e32778d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e32778d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The focus of this lesson is the issues regarding the cultural heritage of the communist regime, such as monuments and other architectural sites, the variety of attitudes towards this during the transition period, and possible solutions to these issues. The students will be advised to use different types of historical sources, as well as a variety of perspectives on the subject at hand.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22e4da3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"22e4da3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab2374a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ab2374a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">II. Students\u2019 age<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a9ebe2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a9ebe2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upper secondary level: 9th \u2013 10th grades<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f788492 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f788492\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-438bfc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"438bfc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">III. Objectives<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3e98cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3e98cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The students will be expected to:<\/p><ul><li>Develop their knowledge and critical understanding of the complexities related to the monuments of the communist regime during the transition, and people\u2019s attitudes towards them.<\/li><li>Analyse various types of historical sources to investigate different viewpoints.<\/li><li>Discuss and express their own opinions using specific facts.<\/li><li>Develop teamwork skills.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3217273 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3217273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0077af0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0077af0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">IV. Key concepts<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eee893b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eee893b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cultural heritage, civil society, collective memory.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69847dc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"69847dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94623d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"94623d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">I. Key question<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8e8aca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8e8aca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>What were people\u2019s responses to the totalitarian regime monuments in Bulgaria after 1989?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9e5171 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d9e5171\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-334613b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"334613b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">VI. Prior knowledge<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93fd28f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93fd28f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Knowledge about the period 1945-1989 in Bulgaria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-449b309 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"449b309\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b37870b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b37870b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">VII. Step-by-step description of the lesson<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c4b653 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c4b653\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Duration:<\/strong> 90 minutes (2 X 40 minutes)<\/p><p>The learning activities are intended to last roughly 90 minutes. The lesson comprises two parts: in the first one, the students work with resources providing information about the Soviet Army Memorial in Sofia<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a> (and different perspectives on it), and the second part will be a discussion among the students.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df93753 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df93753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc938b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"adc938b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e13eef elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6e13eef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ACTIVITY 1: Work with historical sources<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c7ffd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c7ffd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Step 1:<\/strong> Split the class into small groups of 3-4 students.<\/p><p><strong>Step 2:<\/strong> Students work with sources on the Soviet Army Memorial in Sofia and on two examples of attitudes towards monuments <a href=\"#appendixworksheet\">(see APPENDIX \u2013 WORKSHEET)<\/a>. One of the examples is the wrapping of the Reichstag in Berlin, and the second relates to the worldwide movement during the summer of 2020 to demolish various monuments that commemorate controversial historical figures (colonialists, slave traders, Confederacy heroes from the US Civil War, etc.).<\/p><p>In the course of the lesson, the students compile a list of different points of view regarding the monument to the Soviet Army in Sofia, and the group then determines the material that results from the analysis of individual history sources.<\/p><p>The students also become familiar with the two examples and can explore them in more depth or find similar examples.<\/p><p><strong>Duration<\/strong> of steps 1 and 2: 40 minutes<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43c74fe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"43c74fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91b2400 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"91b2400\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ACTIVITY 2: Role-play \u2013 discussion of points for and against the monument\nin two groups<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ee614b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ee614b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Step 3<\/strong>: Split the class into two large groups.<\/p><p><strong>Step 4:<\/strong> The first group believes that the Soviet Arm monument in Sofia must be preserved. The second group is against this argument. Both groups will discuss and articulate at least three arguments in support of their side of the argument. These arguments are written on three separate sheets (coloured sheets or sticky notes can also be used). These arguments are mostly based on the students\u2019 work with the history sources during Step 2. Other arguments might also be presented as long as they are supported by facts.<\/p><p><strong>Duration: 15 minutes<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Step 5:<\/strong> The teacher stages a discussion between the two groups. The written arguments are placed on a board (or on a wall) facing away from the students. The arguments of the two groups are presented one at a time, turning the respective sheets face up. Each time, different students from each team present the arguments within a two-minute time limit. The listening team can pose a question about the arguments being presented, to which the presenting team should respond. It is important that as many students as possible get involved in the discussion. It is essential to avoid repetition of the arguments. Students should not interrupt each other. Questions can be asked after an argument has been presented. After both groups have presented their arguments, the teacher makes a summary of both positions (this can instead be done by a special jury of students, which monitors the course of discussion). The presentations could be ranked by means of a student vote as well.<\/p><p><strong> Duration: 25 minutes<\/strong><\/p><p><strong> Possible follow-up: <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Project work:<\/strong> The students conduct research into the monuments to the totalitarian regime in the places they live. The final result of this work will be a file containing a description of the monument (including photos taken by the students) and a brief history of its creation. The contemporary condition of these monuments and whether or not the citizens agree on their future shall also be reflected in the file.<\/p><ol><li>Materials and tools, required equipment, handouts<\/li><li>Annex (handouts examples) \/Appendix<\/li><\/ol><p>The story was captured in the short documentary In Step with The Time directed by Anton Partalev, featuring anonymous interviews with the artists of Destructive Creation and various representatives of pro-Russian organizations in Bulgaria. The film came second place at the 2013 Festiwal IN OUT (In Out Festival) in Poland.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07efbb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"07efbb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"553\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.21.21-768x553.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10138\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.21.21-768x553.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.21.21-300x216.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.21.21-1024x738.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.21.21-1536x1107.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.21.21.png 1946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-072c67b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"072c67b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae10953 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ae10953\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e54c82d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e54c82d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">APPENDIX<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf358a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1bf358a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"appendixworksheet\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Worksheet with different views<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1aa112d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1aa112d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>1. Chronology<\/strong><\/p><p>December 13th, 1941 \u2013 The 25th Ordinary National Assembly of Bulgaria declares war on the United States and Great Britain. Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union persist.<\/p><p>August 26th, 1944 \u2013 Bulgaria declares neutrality once again. An order is issued to disarm German army units on Bulgarian territory. Ivan Bagrianov\u2019s government resigns, and attempts begin to reinstate a new cabinet.<\/p><p>August 29th, 1944 \u2013 The government orders the withdrawal of Bulgarian troops from Macedonia.<\/p><p>September 2nd, 1944 \u2013 Led by Konstantin Muraviev, the legal opposition forms a new cabinet. (Bulgarian Agrarian Popular Union \u2013 Vrabcha 1).<\/p><p>September 4th, 1944 \u2013 At 6am, German military units capture the headquarters of the Bulgarian occupation corps in Niska Banya (Serbia).<\/p><p>September 4th, 1944 \u2013 Muraviev makes an official government announcement on the radi;, \u201ccomplete and unimpeachable neutrality\u201d.<\/p><p>September 5th, 1944 \u2013 At 7am, the USSR declares war on Bulgaria. At 10.45 pm, the Bulgarian government, in the presence of its regents, decides to sever diplomatic relations with Germany and seek a truce with the USSR. September 6th, 1944 \u2013 The government decides to declare war on Germany, taking effect at 6pm on September 8th.<\/p><p>September 9th, 1944 \u2013 The Fatherland Front, comprising communists, the leftwing splinter group of the Agricultural Party, Social Democrats and the right-wing Zveno Political Circle, launch a coup d\u2019\u00e9tat and seize power, forming a coalition government led by Kimon Georgiev.<\/p><p>September 1944 \u2013 May 1945 \u2013 Bulgaria takes part in the final stage of the war against Germany.<\/p><p>February 10th, 1947 \u2013 The peace treaty with Bulgaria is signed in Paris.<\/p><p>December 1947 \u2013 Soviet troops, stationed since September 1944, leave Bulgarian territory.<\/p><p>1947-1954 \u2013 The so-called \u201cGoryan movement\u201d, a resistance movement of peasants who are against the imposition of the communist regime in Bulgaria, takes place.<\/p><p>September 7th, 1954 \u2013 The Soviet Army Memorial is unveiled in the centre of Sofia.<\/p><p>November 5th, 1957 \u2013 The \u201cAlyosha\u201d monument is unveiled in Plovdiv.<\/p><p>1992 \u2013 The Sofia Municipal Council decides to remove the mausoleum of Georgi Dimitrov from the city centre.<\/p><p>1993 \u2013 The Sofia Municipal Council, dominated by the right-wing Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), decides to remove the monument to the Soviet Army.<\/p><p>2010 \u2013 An Initiative Committee for the dismantling of the Soviet Army Memorial is established.<\/p><p><strong>2. The Soviet Army War Memorial in Sofia <\/strong><\/p><p>2a) The central monument of the war memorial, 1970.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb780d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bb780d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.25.43-r2wf6t371z624yapcfsc443jtac0nanlkfbdujefb4.png\" title=\"Screenshot 2025-03-15 at 15.25.43\" alt=\"Screenshot 2025-03-15 at 15.25.43\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4ed24c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f4ed24c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6b\/Sofia_um_1970,_Sowjetisches_Ehrenmal.jpg\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/362T8gS<\/a>. Photo by Bin im Garten, under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1c120f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1c120f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>2b) The sculptural composition on the eastern facade of the monument. \u201cOctober 1917\u201d on a drawing by the painter Boris Angelushev, sculpted by Lyubomir Dalchev.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-938e83a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"938e83a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"297\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.41-768x297.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10142\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.41-768x297.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.41-300x116.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.41-1024x396.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.41.png 1376w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c6534 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87c6534\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d5\/Monument_to_the_Soviet_Army,_bas-relief_at_the_column_foot.JPG\/1920px-Monument_to_the_Soviet_Army,_bas-relief_at_the_column_foot.JPG\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/3hUrrJU<\/a>. Photo by Ferran Cornell\u00e0, under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5d8949 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5d8949\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>2c) Western facade group composition titled \u201cFatherland War\u201d, created by Vassil Zidarov and his team.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ad618 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a2ad618\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"330\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.46-768x330.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10144\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.46-768x330.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.46-300x129.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.46-1024x440.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.46.png 1378w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd7727 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd7727\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Source: <span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/08\/Monument_to_the_Soviet_Army,_bas-relief_at_the_column_foot._3.JPG\/1920px-Monument_to_the_Soviet_Army,_bas-relief_at_the_column_foot._3.JPG\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/37l3utv<\/a>. <\/span>Photo by Ferran Cornell\u00e0, under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3e0621 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3e0621\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>2d) Southern facade group composition titled \u201cThe Homefront\u201d, created by Petar Doichinov and his team.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3370135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3370135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"299\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.51-768x299.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10146\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.51-768x299.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.51-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.51-1024x399.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.29.51.png 1382w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b14851 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b14851\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Monument_to_the_Soviet_Army,_bas-relief_at_the_column_foot_2.JPG\/1920px-Monument_to_the_Soviet_Army,_bas-relief_at_the_column_foot_2.JPG\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/3pMsv6T<\/a>. Photo by Ferran Cornell\u00e0, under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3259ba7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3259ba7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>3. Ten million lev for the most expensive monument in our country: the Soviet Army war memorial<\/strong><\/p><p>The monument works began in June 1952. \u201cThe foundations are being laid at the moment. The sculptural work is going well.\u201d In the 1953 draft capital investment plan, the war memorial was given a price tag of Lev 10 million \u201cfor its final completion\u201d, according to documents. Whether this was the entire memorial budget, or if the money only covered the work to complete is unclear. What is certain is that the memorial was ready for unveiling in 1954, taking place on September 7th, commemorating the 10th anniversary of the \u201cpeople\u2019s republic\u201d.<\/p><p>In 1993, the Sofia Municipal Council, dominated by the UDF group, decided to remove the memorial. At this point, however, the attempts to implement the solution failed to garner strong public support and came to a halt.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/p><p><strong>4. The first skaters in Sofia \u2013 late 1980\u2019s \u2013 early 1990\u2019s<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06ad680 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"06ad680\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"495\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.38.31-768x495.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10148\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.38.31-768x495.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.38.31-300x193.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.38.31-1024x660.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.38.31-1536x990.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.38.31.png 1840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c7d9e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c7d9e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Photo by Martin Mladenov, rights reserved.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a4c259 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a4c259\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>5. The first techno music parade in Sofia, the summer of 1999<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daa9203 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"daa9203\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"582\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.40.24-768x582.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10150\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.40.24-768x582.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.40.24-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.40.24-1024x776.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.40.24-1536x1164.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.40.24.png 1718w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e41a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e41a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Credits: \u201eLik\u201c weekly, issue 5, 1999, rights reserved.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26c3b1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26c3b1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>6. Initiative committee for removal of the memorial <\/strong><\/p><p>In September 2010, an initiative committee was set up to dismantle the Soviet Army Memorial. The committee was based on the opinion that the monument was built in honour of an army that entered Bulgarian territory for no justifiable reason as a result of a war declared unilaterally against Bulgaria. Thus, from an international legal perspective, the Soviet Army was acting as an aggressor rather than a liberator. According to the committee, the monument paraded the Communist Party\u2019s final victory over the \u201cGoryan movement\u201d.<\/p><p>The committee staged several events in front of the monument that made clear their request for its dismantling: November 9th 2010 \u2013 an event under the slogan <em>\u201cThe Berlin Wall fell, the occupier\u2019s monument stands!\u201d<\/em>; January 9th 2011 \u2013 a rally raising placards around the monument; April 2nd 2011 \u2013 an event under the slogan <em>\u201cLet us celebrate an urban space free of lies!\u201d;<\/em> November 9th 2012 \u2013 <em>\u201cThe wall has fallen, the monument stands.\u201d <\/em><\/p><p><strong>7. The Soviet Army Memorial as a stage for political art and protest <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>7a) \u201cKeeping up with the times\u201d<\/strong><\/p><p>On June 17th, 2011, the figures of the composition on the west side of the memorial were spray-painted as American comic and pop culture characters (from left to right): the Mask, the Joker, the Werewolf, Santa Claus, Superman, Ronald \u2013 the McDonald\u2019s clown, Captain America, Batman\u2019s assistant Robin, and Wonder Woman. The flag held by one of the figures was painted as the Stars and Stripes, and under the group of figures a caption was sprayed reading, \u201cIn step with the times\u201d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb61062 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eb61062\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.43.06-768x420.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10152\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.43.06-768x420.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.43.06-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.43.06-1024x560.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.43.06-1536x840.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.43.06.png 1930w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1b9162 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1b9162\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=15545141\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=15545141<\/a>. Photo by Ignat Ignev, under a CC BY 3.0 license.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ae92fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ae92fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>7b) Transforming the Memorial into a comic<\/strong><\/p><p>Today, this fixation with monuments is made lighter perhaps only by the Destructive Creation group and their followers. In 2010, their work \u201cIn step with the times\u201d replaced the images of Russian soldiers from the Soviet Army Memorial with popular comic book characters. Compared to everything else that the official art institutions have to offer, this creation can easily claim to be the purest manifestation of postmodernism in our country: it is a combination of poking fun at the institutions, irony, pop art, allegory, instrumentalising pop culture images, etc. These are all directions pursued by contemporary art. What it most significantly represents is a critique of what we are used to taking for granted. The ease with which the images of superheroes matched the faces and figures of the Soviet liberators was among the most astonishing revelations of this work. It thrust into the spotlight a long-hidden truth \u2013 that so-called \u201csocialist realism\u201d and comics used the same techniques. A key difference between them also emerged: socialist realism stripped the life force of colours off its images, and in so doing deprived the viewers of the visual world\u2019s simplest pleasure, instead instilling into them feelings of fear and respect.<a href=\"#footnote\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/p><p><strong>7c) \u201cBulgaria apologizes\u201d<\/strong><\/p><p>On August 21st, 2013, the Soviet Army Memorial in Sofia was once again covered in paint overnight again, this time entirely in pink and accompanied by inscriptions in Czech and Bulgarian: \u201cBulharsko se omlouv\u00e1!!!\u201d and \u201cBulgaria apologises!!!\u201c The other sides of the monument was covered in appeals like \u201cC\u2019mon apologise\u201d and \u201cPrague\u201968\u201d. This was obviously an apology to the Czechs, commemorating the anniversary of the Prague Spring suppression in what was then Czechoslovakia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-449a828 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"449a828\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"362\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.46.05-768x362.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10154\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.46.05-768x362.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.46.05-300x141.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.46.05-1024x482.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.46.05-1536x723.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.46.05.png 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84b11c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a84b11c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=27812813\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=27812813.<\/a> Photo by Ignat Ignev, under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98c071a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"98c071a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>7d) \u201cGlory to Ukraine\u201d<\/strong><\/p><p>On February 23rd, 2014, the memorial was covered overnight with inscriptions such as \u201cGlory to Ukraine\u201d (in Ukrainian) and \u201cKaputin\u201d (a word play with Vladimir Putin\u2019s name and kaputt, the German for broken or shattered) with the flag of Ukraine painted above them. A central soldier and the flag above him were also painted in the Ukrainian colours of blue and yellow. This was meant to express solidarity with Ukraine after weeks of heavy, violent anti-government protests in Ukraine, defending the country\u2019s pro-European orientation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9dc5b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f9dc5b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"278\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.48.55-768x278.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10156\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.48.55-768x278.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.48.55-300x109.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.48.55-1024x371.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.48.55-1536x556.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.48.55.png 1960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97888cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97888cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monument_to_the_Soviet_Army,_Sofia#\/media\/File:Sofia-Monument-to-Soviet-Army--Glory-to-Ukraine-20140224-1.jpg\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/3HXJlGr<\/a>. Photo by Vassia Atanassova &#8212; Spiritia, under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0ded18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0ded18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>7e) \u201cKeep your hands off Ukraine\u201d<\/strong><\/p><p>On March 2nd, 2014 the monument again met the dawn with a Ukraine-defending inscription, this time in response to the invasion of the Crimean peninsula by Russian troops, which read \u201cKeep your hands off Ukraine\u201d, and crossed out the original dedication, \u201cTo the liberating Soviet Army from the grateful Bulgarian people\u201d.<\/p><p>On April 12th, a Polish soldier waving the Bulgarian flag and a Ukrainian soldier next to him were painted upon it. Below them an inscription in red said, \u201cKATYN 5.III\u201940\u201d. Another, white one under the memorial\u2019s central statue read, \u201cPUTIN, GO HOME!\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5439ee0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5439ee0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"423\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.50.32-768x423.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10158\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.50.32-768x423.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.50.32-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.50.32-1024x564.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.50.32.png 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24a7e09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24a7e09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=31412988\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=31412988<\/a>. Photo by Luchesar V. Iliev, under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9846bf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9846bf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>7f) \u201cBSP are terrorists\u201d<\/strong><\/p><p>On July 1, 2017 (the July Mourning Day) the Memorial was found to have a new inscription reading \u201cBSP (The Bulgarian Socialist Party) are terrorists\u201d. Unlike the other cases of \u201cdefiling\u201d (as the memorial\u2019s advocates used to put it), this time the creativity of the intervention was critically limited. The inscription was obviously daubed in a hurry in red on the front plate of the monument, on top of the original \u201cTo the liberating Soviet Army from the grateful Bulgarian people\u201d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad6e7c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ad6e7c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.51.48-r2wg4woezlujbork86f3kibjmi9dw011l7bilwu9kw.png\" title=\"Screenshot 2025-03-15 at 15.51.48\" alt=\"Screenshot 2025-03-15 at 15.51.48\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d71b59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d71b59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ploshtadslaveikov.com\/bkp-sa-teroristi-glasi-pametnikat-na-savetskata-armiya\/\">https:\/\/www.ploshtadslaveikov.com\/ bkp-sa-teroristi-glasi-pametnikat-na-savetskata- armiya\/<\/a>. Photo by Vesselin Borishev, Club Z, rights reserved.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-480fe00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"480fe00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>8. Anger in Russia over the desecration of Soviet monuments in Bulgaria<\/strong><\/p><p><em><strong> The Soviet Army Memorial is the monument most often painted in Sofia. <\/strong><\/em><\/p><p>On February 24, 2014, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia aired its indignation, stating: \u201cThe news of another case of vandalism of the Soviet Army Memorial in the centre of Bulgaria\u2019s capital Sofia on the night of February 23rd has been met with deep indignation in Russia.\u201d The Ministry sent a protest note to Bulgaria\u2019s foreign affairs ministry requesting that they \u201cconduct a thorough investigation into this hooligan incident, bring to justice those responsible for the illegal actions and take appropriate measures to put the memorial back to order\u201d.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/p><p><strong>9. \u201cI\u2019d give a good wallop to the one smearing the monuments.\u201d<\/strong><\/p><p>\u201cThe one smearing the monuments, I\u2019d give him a good wallop,\u201d admits the sculptor Krum Damyanov.<\/p><p>The creator of some of the top monumental art projects under the totalitarian regime admitted in an interview with Mariana Parvanova for the Monitor that he finds it difficult to choose between art and vandalism when it comes to the painting of monuments in our country: \u201cIt is a blend. As an artistic whim I find some of the outcomes amusing. I believe those have hit their mark. Dimitar Blagoev made a good Santa Claus. An element of modern art is present in the painted Soviet Army Memorial. But, in principle, I\u2019d give the one smearing the monuments a good wallop. It\u2019s complicated. I can\u2019t judge. I don\u2019t know whether or not it has a political effect.\u201d<\/p><p>Damyanov is convinced of one thing: \u201cWhat was done before us should not be destroyed. This means that the level of society has not moved at all. It destroys everything before it, the most important document \u2013 not a retelling of what was, but what one sees. That should not be destroyed. And that\u2019s what intelligent nations don\u2019t do. In Vienna there is a monument to the Soviet Army, in Berlin too. I will not forget Munich. I was walking around, and I saw in a glass box a torso shot with an assault rifle. Underneath the Germans had written: \u2018Stop. Look. Think of those who did it, and those who shot it.\u201d Everything is preserved there, from all periods. With us, the first is neither of great quality, nor is the second intelligent.\u201d<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/p><p><strong>10. The Soviet Army Memorial will not be removed <\/strong><\/p><p>The Soviet Army Memorial will not be removed from downtown Sofia, but its name is likely to be changed. This is the result of a poll conducted by Alpha Research, commissioned by Sofia Municipality. The poll was conducted in the period August-September 2014, with 400 people interviewed at home.<\/p><p>51% of interviewees asked about their attitude to the Soviet Army Memorial were positive about it. 30% believed the memorial should not be changed. Only 17% were unequivocally against its existence.<\/p><p>When asked what the future of the memorial should be, 66% of Sofia residents replied that it should remain as it is; 16% believed the memorial should be renamed, while 17% argued it should be dismantled.<\/p><p>How should the monument be altered? The majority of respondents believed its name should be changed to a memorial to the victims of World War II.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/p><p><strong>Example 1<\/strong> \u2013 The Wrapped Reichstag by Christo and Jean-Claude<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa8ef1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5aa8ef1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"457\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.57.54-768x457.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10162\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.57.54-768x457.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.57.54-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.57.54-1024x609.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.57.54-1536x914.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-15.57.54.png 1846w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ace8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2ace8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Photo by Michael, under a CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 license. More information available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/christojeanneclaude.net\/artworks\/wrapped-reichstag\/\">https:\/\/christojeanneclaude.net\/artworks\/wrapped-reichstag<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d74496 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d74496\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>On June 24th, 1995, Christo and Jeanne-Claude, with the help of 90 professional climbers and 120 installation workers, completed the wrapping of the Reichstag building in Berlin.<\/p><p>Having turned the proposal down three times, in 1994, after a 70-minute debate, the German parliament approved the project with 292 votes in favour and 223 against. A parliament debated a work of art for the first time in history.<\/p><p>In a 1977 interview, Christo said: \u201cI used to wrap museums or art buildings. The Reichstag is a political site and it taught me a lot about the relationship between art and politics. [&#8230;] Not the Reichstag itself, but the vicissitudes surrounding its wrapping set in motion a discussion about the significance of the building and its place in Berlin, Germany and history.<a href=\"#footnotes\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/p><p><strong>Example 2<\/strong> \u2013 Worldwide removal of monuments in the summer of 2020<\/p><p>In the summer of 2020, with the influence of the Black Lives Matter movement, the United States, and later Europe, began to see a process of revisiting several monuments to controversial historical personalities.<\/p><p>In Richmond, Virginia, a monument to Confederate Army General Robert Lee took on a new look: on June 8th, 2020, the image of George Floyd, whose death was caused by a police officer during his detention in Minneapolis and sparked mass protests against police violence, was projected onto its plinth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c091f94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c091f94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-16.00.59-r2wgj6u4tzedqe0ptuo0yekok9v5ufq7vw6449nx1c.png\" title=\"Screenshot 2025-03-15 at 16.00.59\" alt=\"Screenshot 2025-03-15 at 16.00.59\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0594472 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0594472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This is what the Robert E. Lee statue in Virginia looked like on May 5, 2020. Photo by Ron Frazier, under a CC BY 2.0. license.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d007e80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d007e80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Bristol, UK, the statue of Edward Colston, a seventeenth-century slave trader, was toppled by BLM protesters and dumped in the harbor on June 7th, 2020, forcing the UK to reconsider how it should confront its racist history.<\/p><p>Colston, a merchant, profited richly from slavery, transporting at least 80,000 people from West Africa to the Caribbean. Almost 20,000 of them died on the voyages. Now that the statue, erected in 1895, is gone, critics want to replace it with a statue of Paul Stephenson, a black worker who led a boycott of the Bristol Omnibus Company in 1963 to force it to end discriminatory hiring practices against minority workers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4c37ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c4c37ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"511\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-16.02.18-768x511.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10166\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-16.02.18-768x511.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-16.02.18-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-16.02.18-1024x681.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-16.02.18.png 1366w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6816934 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6816934\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The crowd surrounding the fallen statue of slave trader Edward Colston during the Black Lives Matter protest in Bristol, UK. The sign reads: \u201cIf this movement hasn\u2019t opened your eyes, what will? Time to speak up. Time to end white privilege.\u201d Photo by Keir Gravil, under a CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 license.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14d7ada elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"14d7ada\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6745343 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6745343\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42258c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42258c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"footnotes\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Footnotes<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5833c8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5833c8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li>Editor\u2019s note: The monument was partially removed in December 2023.<\/li><li>\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434 \u0421\u041b\u0410\u0412\u0415\u0419\u041a\u041e\u0412 (2014): \u2018\u0414\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043b\u043d. \u043b\u0432. \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0441\u043a\u044a\u043f\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u2013 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u044a\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f.\u2019 [SLAVEIKOV Square (2014): \u2018Ten million leva for the most expensive monument in our country \u2013 The Soviet Army War Memorial\u2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ploshtadslaveikov.com\/deset-mln-lv-za-naj-skapiya-pametnik-u-n\/\">https:\/\/www.ploshtadslaveikov.com\/deset-mln-lv-za-naj-skapiya-pametnik-u-n\/ (in Bulgarian)<\/a>.<\/li><li>More information available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/express.adobe.com\/page\/hJmFRkXKLl72C\/\">https:\/\/spark.adobe.com\/page\/hJmFRkXKLl72C\/ (in Bulgarian).<\/a><\/li><li>\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434 \u0421\u041b\u0410\u0412\u0415\u0419\u041a\u041e\u0412 (2014): \u2018\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0432\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043c \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435\u2019 [SLAVEIKOV Square (2014): \u2018What are we going to do with the monuments\u2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ploshtadslaveikov.com\/kakvo-da-pravim-s-pametnitsite\/\">https:\/\/www.ploshtadslaveikov.com\/kakvo-da-pravim-s-pametnitsite\/ (in Bulgarian).<\/a><\/li><li>\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434 \u0421\u041b\u0410\u0412\u0415\u0419\u041a\u041e\u0412 (2014): \u2018\u0413\u043d\u044f\u0432 \u0432 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u2019 [SLAVEIKOV Square (2014): \u2018Anger in Russia over the desecration of Soviet monuments in Bulgaria\u2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ploshtadslaveikov.com\/gnyav-v-rusiya-ot-porugavanite-savetski\/\">https:\/\/www.ploshtadslaveikov.com\/gnyav-v-rusiya-ot-porugavanitesavetski\/ (in Bulgarian).<\/a><\/li><li>\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434 \u0421\u041b\u0410\u0412\u0415\u0419\u041a\u041e\u0412 (2014): \u2018\u0421\u043a\u0443\u043b\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044a\u0442 \u041a\u0440\u0443\u043c \u0414\u0430\u043c\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432: \u0411\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435\u2019 [SLAVEIKOV Square (2014): \u2018The sculptor Krum Damyanov: I would beat the one who touches the monuments\u2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ploshtadslaveikov.com\/skulptorat-krum-damyanov-bih-nabil-toz\/\">https:\/\/www.ploshtadslaveikov.com\/ skulptorat-krum-damyanov-bih-nabil-toz\/ (in Bulgarian).<\/a><\/li><li>\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434 \u0421\u041b\u0410\u0412\u0415\u0419\u041a\u041e\u0412 (2014): \u2018\u041d\u044f\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u044a\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443\u2019 [SLAVEIKOV Square (2014): \u2018They will not remove the Monument to the Soviet Army, change its name\u2019]. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ploshtadslaveikov.com\/nyama-da-mahat-pametnika-na-savetskata\/\">https:\/\/www.ploshtadslaveikov.com\/nyama-da-mahatpametnika- na-savetskata\/ (in Bulgarian).<\/a><\/li><li>See at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ChristoandJC\/posts\/10158350281004491\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ChristoandJC\/posts\/10158350281004491<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>BULGARIA: People and Monumants During Times of Transition Author: Bistra Stoimenova Download PDF I. Overview The focus of this lesson is the issues regarding the cultural heritage of the communist regime, such as monuments and other architectural sites, the variety of attitudes towards this during the transition period, and possible solutions to these issues. The [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":8533,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[192],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10136","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teaching_transition_national"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>National lesson plans: Bulgaria - Transition Dialogue<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Transition Dialogue, Mapping a Generation in Transition\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/ru\/stories\/teaching-transition\/teaching_transition_national\/teaching-transition-national-bulgaria\/\" \/>\n<meta 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