{"id":9997,"date":"2025-03-15T11:23:52","date_gmt":"2025-03-15T10:23:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/?p=9997"},"modified":"2025-03-16T16:22:54","modified_gmt":"2025-03-16T15:22:54","slug":"teaching-transition-national-poland","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/ru\/stories\/teaching-transition\/teaching_transition_national\/teaching-transition-national-poland\/","title":{"rendered":"National lesson plans: Poland"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9997\" class=\"elementor elementor-9997\" data-elementor-settings=\"{&quot;ha_cmc_init_switcher&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-23c37cbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"23c37cbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5720de0e\" data-id=\"5720de0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ca8bee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5ca8bee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3816f0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3816f0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>POLAND:<\/b> <br>From Central to Local Governance \u2013 The Greatest Achievement of Polish Transformation?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fa5d12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fa5d12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Author: Stanis\u0142aw Zakroczymski<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2f0e1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2f0e1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a7bb83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"1a7bb83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/np_poland.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dcf296 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5dcf296\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b49836d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b49836d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62137ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"62137ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">I. Overview<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e32778d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e32778d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The lesson describes the significant changes in the management of public affairs which took place in Poland in 1989, because of the transition from democratic centralism, in which the administration was hierarchical and entirely under the control of the party, to a country built on the rule of local governance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22e4da3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"22e4da3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab2374a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ab2374a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">II. Students\u2019 age<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a9ebe2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a9ebe2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>8th \u2013 12th grade<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f788492 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f788492\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-438bfc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"438bfc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">III. Objectives<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3e98cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3e98cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>The student explains the specifics of human rights and freedoms and the basic mechanisms of their protection.<\/li><li>The student uses their knowledge to interpret events in public life, including political events.<\/li><li>The student gathers and evaluates information regarding public life, including politics.<\/li><li>The student can define the regulations relating to the system of governance as stated in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland (decentralization, self-governance).<\/li><li>The student identifies the legislative and executive authorities in local governments at the level of the commune (gmina) and of a city with county (powiat) rights, as well as at the level of the county (powiat) and voivodeship (wojew\u00f3dztwo) in Poland; they can define the competences of these authorities and how they relate to each other.<\/li><li>The student identifies the legislative and executive authorities of local governance.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3217273 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3217273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0077af0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0077af0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">IV. Key concepts<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eee893b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eee893b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Democracy, self-governance, public management, centralization, decentralization.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff4e0f4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff4e0f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4efd5fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4efd5fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V. Key question<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a82fa23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a82fa23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>How did the fall of communism and the transition to democracy impact the way Poland and my commune (gmina) are managed today?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9e5171 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d9e5171\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-334613b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"334613b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">VI. Prior knowledge<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93fd28f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93fd28f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Basic knowledge pertaining to the systemic transition from democratic centralism to the rule of law; the creation of \u201cSolidarity\u201d, Martial Law, the 1980s, the Round Table Talks, the elections on June 4th, 1989.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df93753 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df93753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a47ec18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a47ec18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94b9158 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"94b9158\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">VII. Step-by-step description of the lesson<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17381a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17381a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>INTRODUCTION \u2013 what do we mean when we say local governance?<\/strong> (All three activities should take around 30 minutes, if you do not have enough time, please skip the third one)<\/p><ul><li>Tell the students that the topic of the lesson is local governance. Ask them what they associate with the term \u2018\u2019self-governance\u201d? Do they know it from school practice? Can they name any specific actions taken by the local authorities in their commune (gmina) or town? Divide the students into groups and ask them to think about what qualities a self-governing body should possess? What issues should it deal with? Then ask the groups for short presentations referring to the results of their discussions. Optional: do this activity together, in the form of a class discussion.<\/li><li>Watch the short film \u201cOnce upon a time. Local democracy.\u201d <a href=\"#AppendixA\">(See APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE A)<\/a> Think about the two models of solving shared problems depicted in the film. Which model is shown to be more effective? What were the shared problems the citizens solved together? What does local self-governance mean on a practical level? Think about how close the idea of local governance presented in the film is to the one you developed when working in groups.<\/li><li>Read the definition of local government according to the European Charter of Local Self-Government <a href=\"#AppendixB\">(See APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE B)<\/a>. How is local government understood? Pay attention to the importance of \u201cpublic affairs\u201d, or \u201cshared problems\u201d, to local self-government. Local governance is meant to deal with those shared problems which are most important to the local community, such as utilities and services, i.e., sewage systems, and trash collection or providing public transport, but also education or health care. However, to ensure these services are provided we need to have the freedom to act and the technical and financial resources (the \u201cability\u201d) to support them.<\/li><li>Explain to the students that during the next part of the lesson you will talk about how local governance was established in Poland and what it has achieved in the first 30 years of its independence.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-449b309 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"449b309\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b37870b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b37870b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">HISTORY 1 \u2013 WHY DID THE COMMUNISTS DISLIKE THE IDEA OF SELF-GOVERNANCE?\n[20 minutes]<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c4b653 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c4b653\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><strong>Review the basic facts concerning the communist regime in Poland<\/strong> \u2013 what were its ideological and geopolitical roots? How long did it last? What were the circumstances of its collapse? Think about whether the communist system could have supported local governance?<\/li><li><strong>Why did the communists dislike the idea of self-governance? The vision of a centrally controlled state.<\/strong> Ask students to read an excerpt from an interview with Judge Jerzy St\u0119pie\u0144- think about the answers to the questions in class <a href=\"#AppendixC\">(See APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE C)<\/a>. In particular, consider the underground corridors in Sandomierz, and what it says about how the Polish People\u2019s Republic (PPR) was managed.<\/li><li>OPTIONAL: Ask students to read an excerpt from Professor Jerzy Regulski\u2019s book. Consider the answers to the questions in class <a href=\"#AppendixD\">(See APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE D)<\/a>. In particular, think about what \u201cdemocratic centralism\u201d means and if it can be reconciled with the idea of self-governance.<\/li><li>Connect the conclusions drawn from reading these texts to the discussions you had in point no.1. Think about which model of local authority presented in the film \u201cOnce upon a Time\u2026\u201d was in force in the PPR.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-305a722 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"305a722\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd12ccf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fd12ccf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">HISTORY 2 \u2013 HOW DID WE REGAIN SELF-GOVERNANCE? [20 minutes]<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1abf93a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1abf93a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Review the basic information on the fall of communism in Poland: The events of 1980\/1990, from the creation of \u201cSolidarity\u201d to the first partially free election.<\/li><li>\u201cSolidarity\u201d as a self-governing movement. Ask students to read the text of the 21st thesis of the \u201cSelf-governing Republic\u201d programme <a href=\"#AppendixE\">(See APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE E)<\/a>. Together, answer the questions below the text. Pay attention to the necessary features of local governance pointed out in the thesis. Consider whether the postulates included in the thesis were possible to fulfil in a communist system?<\/li><li>Briefly describe to the students how, regardless of the introduction of Martial Law and the fall of the first \u201cSolidarity\u201d movement, activists such as Jerzy St\u0119pie\u0144, Micha\u0142 Kulesza or Jerzy Regulski continued to work on the idea of local governance, despite the improbability of it ever being put in to practice.<\/li><li>Watch a fragment of the film \u201cIt only happened in Poland\u201d <a href=\"#AppendixF\">(See APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE F)<\/a> in which Jerzy St\u0119pie\u0144, Micha\u0142 Kulesza and Jerzy Regulski talk about the work of the \u201cLocal Self-governance Working Group\u201d at the Round Table Talks. Answer questions pertaining to the source. Define what the atmosphere of the talks was in regard to local governance? Did both sides agree on the issue? How did the talks conclude?<\/li><li>Inform the students that the introduction of local governance became a priority for politicians with roots in the \u201cSolidarity\u201d movement, following the creation of Tadeusz Mazowiecki\u2019s government as a result of the 4th of June 1989 election. Thanks to their efforts, the first free elections for city and commune (gmina) councils took place in May 1990. These elections began the process of transferring the management of local issues into the hands of local authorities elected by inhabitants.<\/li><li>Point out that county (powiat) and voivodeship authorities were not established until 1998.<\/li><\/ul><p><a href=\"#AppendixG\">(For extracts from the current 1997 Constitution of the Republic of Poland pertaining to local governance see APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE G)<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1919e68 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1919e68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa8d634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fa8d634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN PRACTICE [20 minutes]<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cee5645 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cee5645\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Ask students to look at the results of a report on the level of trust shown towards the parliament (Sejm), the courts and local authorities <a href=\"#AppendixH\">(See APPENDIX \u2013 SOURCE H).<\/a> Discuss the results of these polls and think about what they suggest about the Polish people\u2019s attitudes to local governance. Then consider what you yourselves think about the work of your local authorities; where do they succeed or fail in providing local services?<\/li><li>Discuss what your local government has achieved in 30 years of self-governance. What changes have taken place? Were any investments made? What social issues have become more prominent? Have they been solved? You can prepare information\/data on this topic. You can find advice on finding such information in the educational packet \u201cNational Lesson on Local Governance\u201d.<a href=\"#Footnotes\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>GROUP HOMEWORK.<\/strong> Try to find out how the authorities of your commune (gmina) or city fulfill their duties and what the inhabitants of your commune\/city think about their activity. Split up into small groups (3-4 people each). Design questions regarding the following tasks (choose those issues which you yourselves find most interesting), then try to find information concerning the actions taken by your commune to fulfil its duties in those fields:<\/p><p>\u2013 Local roads, streets, and bridges (think about whether new roads are being built? How are they maintained? Are the roads resurfaced when needed?).<\/p><p>\u2013 Water supply, sewage, and sewage treatment plants (is the sewage system present and functional? Is the sewage treated? If so, do these processes work well?).<\/p><p>\u2013 Landfills, trash collection and the treatment of communal waste (have recycling and waste sorting been implemented? Are there sites for collecting dangerous waste nearby?).<\/p><p>\u2013 Local public transport: buses, trams, metro, trains, public bicycles (are there any, and if so what forms of local public transport exist? How accessible are the connections? How much do tickets cost?).<\/p><p>\u2013 Health care (are there local clinics or hospitals in the area? Do they function well? What issues do they face?).<\/p><p>\u2013 Social assistance.<\/p><p>\u2013 Housing built by local authorities (is the commune (gmina) building new housing? What is the quality of social and council housing? Is it provided to those in need?).<\/p><p>\u2013 Education (preschools, primary schools, high schools, and other educational institutions; how many are there? How do they work?).<\/p><p>\u2013 Culture (libraries and community centres; do they meet the inhabitants\u2019 needs? How many are there? How are they equipped?).<\/p><p>\u2013 Sports, including sports areas and equipment (programmes funded by local authorities; are there enough of them? How do they work?).<\/p><p>\u2013 Marketplaces, enclosed and open-air (are there enough of them? Are they in good condition?).<\/p><p>\u2013 Communal green spaces (are there enough of them? Are they in good condition?).<\/p><p>Remember that the questions should be well designed and simple. Answers can be given by circling one of three options (yes, no, I don\u2019t know) or by indicating an answer on a scale (e.g. 1 to 6). Conduct the poll in your commune (gmina), asking as many inhabitants as possible to answer your questions. Analyse and organise the results, presenting them either as percentages or numbers (if there were fewer than 25 respondents). If you live in different areas, compare the results on different topics. Send a report of your study to the mayor\u2019s office.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a3ebc2 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5a3ebc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae10953 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ae10953\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e54c82d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e54c82d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">APPENDIX<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf358a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1bf358a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixA\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE A: Council of Europe film \u2018\u2019Once upon a time. Local Democracy.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1aa112d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1aa112d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>COMMENT: The film<a href=\"#Footnotes\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a> was created for the Council of Europe, an institution which deals, among other things, with supporting the development of self-governance. It uses a very simple example to illustrate the difference between a centralized approach and a local governance approach to dealing with public affairs.<\/p><ol><li>What challenge do the members of the community presented in the film face? [Using a new product (the coconut which falls from the tree) for the benefit of the community.]<\/li><li>What solution does one of the members (the leader) suggest? [Going to an important and distant office\/ministry to get permission to use the coconut.]<\/li><li>What happens in the settlement while he is gone? [The inhabitants begin to solve some of their problems using the coconut.]<\/li><li>What issues were solved with the creative use of coconuts? [Water supply, roads, education, health care.]<\/li><li>What is the film\u2019s message on public services? [The closer the centres of decision are to the inhabitants, the more effectively and quickly issues get resolved.]<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9195c53 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9195c53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5117d43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5117d43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71f34d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71f34d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixB\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE B: European Charter of Local Self-government- excerpts<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fd54ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7fd54ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The member States of the Council of Europe, signatory hereto,<\/p><p>[\u2026] Considering that the local authorities are one of the main foundations of any democratic regime;<\/p><p>Considering that the right of citizens to participate in the conduct of public affairs is one of the democratic principles that are shared by all member States of the Council of Europe;<\/p><p>Considering that it is at local level that this right can be most directly exercised;<\/p><p>Convinced that the existence of local authorities with real responsibilities can provide an administration which is both effective and close to the citizen;<\/p><p>Aware that the safeguarding and reinforcement of local self-government in the different European countries is an important contribution to the construction of a Europe based on the principles of democracy and the decentralization of power;<\/p><p>Asserting that this entails the existence of local authorities endowed with democratically constituted decision-making bodies and possessing a wide degree of autonomy with regard to their responsibilities, the ways and means by which those responsibilities are exercised and the resources required for their fulfilment,<\/p><p>Have agreed as follows:<\/p><p>[\u2026]<\/p><p><strong>Article 3<\/strong><\/p><p>Local self-government denotes the right and the ability of local authorities, within the limits of the law, to regulate and manage a substantial share of public affairs under their own responsibility and in the interests of the local population.<\/p><p><strong>Explanation: The European Charter of Local Self-government is the most important European document defining local government and its relationship to the central authorities. The 47 member states of the Council of Europe which are signatories of the Charter are obligated to follow it. Poland accepted it in its entirety, which means that Polish local governments should operate in accordance with the Charter.<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>How does the Charter define local government? [By its ability to act and not by who controls it.]<\/li><li>Who makes up local self-governments, as defined in the Charter? [The right to self-govern, and thus to create a self-governing body, belongs to the local community, that is all the inhabitants of a particular community \u2013 it is very important to remember that it is the local community who makes up the self-governing body and not its authorities!]<\/li><li>What do you think the term \u201cpublic affair\u201d means? How should it be differentiated from a private affair? Can you give examples of each? [The key element here is the public, that is, shared interest in solving a particular issue, when the guiding principle is not financial gain or benefit for an individual. It is a good idea to mention issues which appeared in source no.1. It is worth noting that some of these issues are more and more often referred to as \u201cpublic services\u201d, that is services which are commonly available to citizens, e.g., education, health care or public transport].<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14d7ada elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"14d7ada\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bc885e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9bc885e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4640505 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4640505\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixC\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE C: Excerpts from an interview conducted by N. Jarska and S. Zakroczymski with J. St\u0119pie\u0144 titled \u2018\u2019Self-governance is a success story\u201d, Wi\u0119\u017a.pl, 7.1.2020<a href=\"#Footnotes\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b004d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b004d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Natalia Jarska: There were people\u2019s councils in the PPR. How did that system differ from the local governance system we have today?<\/strong><\/p><p>\u2014 First, the local governments did not possess legal personality. So, there was no executive body which could make decisions independently when working in the public interest. Second, there were no budgets for specific local governments. There was only the national budget, and the budget of the local government was only part of a higher executive body\u2019s budget. You can\u2019t even say that the higher executive body served a supervisory role, as it always had the right to overrule any decision made by the lower-level executive body. The existence of one, single, hierarchical administrative system meant that local authorities could not manage property on their own, they could not make purchases, sales, or take out loans, they could not make any use of property as an owner might. Thus, public property had no value. You can\u2019t really talk about sensible management of public property. If local authorities wished to build something, for instance, they needed approval from the governing body with the power to make decisions, which was somewhere above it, often all the way in Warsaw.<\/p><p><strong>This made for a very ineffective state.<\/strong><\/p><p>\u2014 That\u2019s true. I remember when in my hometown of Sandomierz, the underground corridors began to crumble. You had to wait for a decision from the Council of Ministers which issued a special resolution concerning the conservation of Sandomierz. But until that resolution was passed, until the financial means were allocated, everyone was waiting, in fear, to see what would happen. The collapse was so great that it required the assistance of the central government, but the local authorities could not do anything about it.<\/p><p>\ufffd <strong>Questions:<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1. What examples of the powerlessness of local authorities in the PPR does Jerzy St\u0119pie\u0144 give?<\/strong> [Local authorities, entirely dependent on central authorities, did not possess legal personality or independence in their actions, not even a separate budget]<\/p><p><strong>2. Why were renovations of the underground corridors in Sandomierz delayed? What does this tell us about the system in the PPR?<\/strong> [Only the central authority could make the decision to undertake renovations and allocate funding for conservation, and this bureaucratic process took time.]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e61cfcc elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e61cfcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eba32ca e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"eba32ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54e9d05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54e9d05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixD\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE D: A description of the political system of the PPR, J. Regulski, \u2018\u2019Self-governance in the 3rd Polish Republic\u201d, Warsaw 2001, pp. 18-19.<a href=\"#Footnotes\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea977ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea977ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In 1944, the entry of the Red Army brought Poland a new system of governance. The new authorities introduced their influence gradually, eliminating opposition and increasing their control over public life. In the initial period following German occupation, cooperation between the ruling body and the citizens was necessary to organize a functioning state. And thus, the decree issued on the 11th of September 1944 by the Polish Committee of National Liberation, established by Moscow to manage Polish territories, did not bring any radical changes. While introducing the name of people\u2019s councils, following the Soviet system, it maintained the rule of local self-governance. This self-governance played a significant role, particularly during the settlement of the so-called Recovered Territories, where public administration was virtually non-existent despite the need to manage and organise life in the seized territories.<\/p><p>Eliminating the opposition and strengthening the position of the central authorities changed these circumstances, as any form of public organisation could become a threat to the totalitarian regime. The authorities stopped considering the desires and opinions of the public. A law officially abolishing local government was enacted on March 20th, 1950, replacing the traditional local government apparatus with a new system of people\u2019s councils. This arrangement survived, with a few modifications, until 1989. [\u2026]<\/p><p>The communist system in Poland, modelled after the Soviet system, was internally logically sound, but based on principles utterly foreign not only to Polish tradition and mentality, but also to the familiar models of democratic statehood which seem obvious to us today. The preamble of the 1976 Constitution stated that the state\u2019s role was to implement \u201cthe great ideas of socialism\u201d. The working class and its party were to be the leading force which dictated the direction of development. The slogan \u201cthe party rules, the government manages\u201d reflected the conditions at the time. The people were to follow in the direction determined by ideology and its practical interpretation. Public opinion was of no consequence as those in power tacitly assumed that it would oppose the system. [\u2026]<\/p><p>Thus, the communists found it necessary to maintain a centralized state whose control covered as much of public life and the economy as possible, as well as deeply infiltrating the private lives of its citizens. [\u2026] Adopting democratic centralism and the principle of uniform state power was of paramount significance.<\/p><p>The principles of democratic centralism were formulated by Lenin. They stated that all ruling bodies are to be elected [\u2026], but also that lower bodies are entirely subordinate to higher bodies. In practice, this meant that the central authorities made all the decisions, making any public control over their activities entirely a pretence. Elections became farcical under such circumstances. At the same time, the system rejected Montesquieu\u2019s principle of the separation of power, giving all the power to the state that is its administrative branch.<\/p><p>Any form of decentralization, which would allow for the formation of independent views, not to mention any attempt to bring them to life, was a threat to the rulers. Thus, the entire apparatus was designed only to pass instructions down and to control their execution.<\/p><p>\ufffd<strong> Questions:<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1. When did the communists decide to eradicate local self-governance in Poland?<\/strong> [The complete eradication of local self-governance only took place five years after the end of the war, as the communists did not wish to alienate the people. What is more, they needed the support of local authorities in the recovered Territories.]<\/p><p><strong>2. What was the relationship between the Communist Party (Polish United Workers\u2019 Party) and public administration in the PPR?<\/strong> [The party dictated decisions to the government and the administration it managed.]<\/p><p><strong>3. What was the system of \u201cdemocratic centralism\u201d? Do you think such a system can be ever considered democratic?<\/strong> [The democratic centralism system was based on the hierarchical subordination of ruling bodies and the lack of autonomy of local authorities. Such a system can hardly be considered democratic as it robs local communities of any influence on how their affairs are managed.]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c004eed elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c004eed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a913ac e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3a913ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9504f73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9504f73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixE\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE E: Excerpts from the \u2018\u2019Self-governing Republic\u201d programme, adopted at the close of the 1st National Convention of \u201cSolidarity\u201d Trade Union Delegates 7.10.1980.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d240fef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d240fef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>THESIS 21 \u2013 Legally, organisationally, and financially, independent local authorities must serve as real representatives of the local community.<\/strong><\/p><p>The basis of a true local government must be that it is chosen through free elections. The elections should be open to persons put forward by social organizations and citizen groups.<\/p><p>No electoral ticket should benefit from preferment. It is necessary to ensure conditions for conducting electoral campaigns in which various programmes and various candidates will participate. [\u2026]<\/p><p>Local governments must receive the authority to decide on all local matters, and in this area can only be subject to legally defined supervision from the state authorities, which serves to review the legality of their actions. In cases of conflict between local authorities and administrative bodies, determinations should belong to the courts. Local governments must have the right to conduct business activity. The ability to form agreements between different local governments must be ensured. In order to fulfil their purpose, local governments must possess legal personality and the right to obtain independent financial means (local taxes).<\/p><p>COMMENT: The \u2018\u2019Self-governing republic\u201d programme was the programme of the popular social movement \u201cSolidarity\u201d. It envisioned a broad reform of the political, economic, and social system of the PPR, in order to develop the self-governance of its citizens and the democratization and increased transparency of life in workplace communities, local communities and the country as a whole.<\/p><p>\ufffd<strong> Questions<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1. According to the programme\u2019s authors, what was a necessary precondition to creating a true local government? Why do you think that was?<\/strong> [The basic precondition was conducting a free election, so that candidates representing various programmes could compete against each other. Without the plurality of ideas and views, there is no way to create a true election regarding the affairs of the local community.]<\/p><p><strong>2. What should the elections for local government look like, according to the authors of the programme?<\/strong> [Free, fair, democratic.]<\/p><p><strong>3. According to the authors of the programme, what rights and characteristics should a local government possess?<\/strong> [The right to make decisions regarding local matters, limitations on supervision from the state, the right to appeal to the courts in cases of conflict with the administration, legal and financial independence.]<\/p><p><strong>4. Analyse \u201cSolidarity\u2019s\u201d suggestions in the context of how Jerzy St\u0119pie\u0144 and Jerzy Regulski described the functioning of local authorities in the PPR. Were they an answer to the inadequacy of local authorities in the PPR?<\/strong> [Yes, the idea was to ensure financial and operational independence for local governments and protect them from excessive interference from the central authorities.]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f41b8f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f41b8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e437017 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e437017\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16e003b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16e003b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixF\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE F: Clips from the film \u2018\u2019It only happened in Poland\u201d: the deliberations of the \u201cLocal Self-governance Working Group\u201d at the Round Table Talks.<a href=\"#Footnotes\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a> Watch from min. 12:03 to min. 14:30.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9db7d8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9db7d8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>COMMENT: The film was created for the 20th anniversary of the reinstatement of self-governance in Poland. It is narrated by some of the co-authors behind the idea of the system. They talk about the work on rebuilding self-governance, the process, and its results.<\/p><p>\ufffd<strong> Questions:<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1. Were the deliberations of the \u201cLocal Self-governance Working Group\u201d amicable?<\/strong> [No, the way each side viewed the idea of self-governance differed greatly; representatives of the communist authorities tried to stick to minimal changes, while the representatives of the opposition wanted a radical reform of the Polish system.]<\/p><p><strong>2. How did the working group\u2019s deliberations conclude? What led to such a result?<\/strong> [The deliberations concluded with a memorandum stating the discrepancies in opinions, meaning that no final decision was made as to what local governance would ultimately look like. This was because the very points of views of the participants were irreconcilable.]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abf10d9 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"abf10d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b7713 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"88b7713\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc00dda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc00dda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixG\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE G: The Constitution of the Republic of Poland \u2013 extracts petaining to local governance.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68a9f03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"68a9f03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Article 16<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>The inhabitants of the units of basic territorial division shall form a self-governing community in accordance with law.<\/li><li>Local government shall participate in the exercise of public power. The substantial part of public duties which local government is empowered to discharge by statute shall be done in its own name and under its own responsibility.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong> Article 164<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>The commune (gmina) shall be the basic unit of local government.<\/li><li>Other units of regional and\/or local government shall be specified by statute.<\/li><li>The commune shall perform all tasks of local government not reserved to other units of local government.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>Article 165<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>Units of local government shall possess legal personality. They shall have rights of ownership and other property rights.<\/li><li>The self-governing nature of units of local government shall be protected by the courts.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>Article 167<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>Units of local government shall be assured public funds adequate for the performance of the duties assigned to them. [\u2026]<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>Article 168<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>To the extent established by statute, units of local government shall have the right to set the level of local taxes and charges.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>Article 171<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>The legality of actions by a local government shall be subject to review.<\/li><li>The organs exercising review over the activity of units of local government shall be the Prime Minister and voivodes and regarding financial matters \u2013 regional audit chambers. [\u2026]<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>Article 172<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>Units of local government shall have the right to associate. [\u2026]<\/li><\/ol><p>COMMENT: Above you can find extracts from the current 1997 Constitution of the Republic of Poland pertaining to local governance. These regulations are the result of the local governance reform conducted after the first, partially independent parliamentary election in 1989. It also serves as a summary of the first eight years of local governance in Poland.<\/p><p>\ufffd<strong> Questions: <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1. How does the Constitution of the Republic of Poland define local governments?<\/strong> [In Article 16, it describes local government as a \u2018\u2019community\u201d of all the inhabitants of any given unit of basic territorial division, for instance a commune (gmina), rather than as a local authority. The purpose of the local government is to act as a representative and in the interest of the community.]<\/p><p><strong>2. According to the Constitution, what is the basic unit of local governance? Why do you think the matter was regulated in this way?<\/strong> [The basic unit is the commune (gmina) that is the smallest unit of local governance, rather than the voivodeship (wojew\u00f3dztwo) or county (powiat) which are not mentioned in the Constitution. This is because local governance should be viewed as a \u201cbottom up\u201d and not a \u201ctop down\u201d initiative, and its key element is the commune government (samorz\u0105d gminny) which is closest to the inhabitant.]<\/p><p><strong>3. Do you think the regulations of the 1997 Constitution are a response to the characteristics of local governance in the PPR which have been criticised in the earlier sources? In what way?<\/strong> [Yes, the Constitution\u2019s regulations are in fact a full response to the accusations against the system of governance in PPR made by St\u0119pie\u0144, Regulski or the authors of the \u201cSelf-governing Republic\u201d programme. They include the policy on decentralizing public power, the legal personality of local governments, limiting supervision to the review of the legality of their actions, and fiscal independence.]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b891a4 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0b891a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ee9b50 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8ee9b50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd83508 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd83508\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"AppendixH\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SOURCE H: The results of the Public Opinion Research Centre\u2019s report regarding opinions about various public institutions and authorities from March 2020<a href=\"#Footnotes\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0071345 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0071345\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-11.06.16-768x441.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-10005\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-11.06.16-768x441.png 768w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-11.06.16-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-11.06.16-1024x589.png 1024w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-11.06.16-1536x883.png 1536w, https:\/\/transition-dialogue.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/screenshot-2025-03-15-at-11.06.16-2048x1177.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-071f80a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"071f80a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>How do Poles view the activities of local authorities in comparison to the parliament and judiciary authorities?<\/strong> [Local authorities decidedly receive the most support. Only in their case do the positive opinions outweigh (significantly so) the negative opinions. What is more, in the case of local authorities, the number of \u201cdifficult to say\u201d answers are the lowest, which shows that when it comes to evaluating local authorities, Poles have very definite opinions, most likely because they see the results of their activities on a daily basis.]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08aefff elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"08aefff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6745343 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6745343\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42258c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42258c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"Footnotes\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Footnotes<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5833c8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5833c8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li>Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/roksamorzadnosci.pl\/\">http:\/\/roksamorzadnosci.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Narodowa-Lekcja-o- Samorz%C4%85dzie-Terytorialnym-FRDL-licencja.pdf<\/a> (in Polish)<\/li><li>Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/human-rights-channel.coe.int\/asset-once-upon-a-time-local-democracy-en.html\">https:\/\/human-rights-channel.coe.int\/asset-once-upon-a-time-local-democracy-en.html<\/a><\/li><li>Original title: \u2018Samorz\u0105d to historia sukcesu. Rozmowa z Jerzym St\u0119pniem\u2018. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/wiez.pl\/2020\/01\/07\/samorzad-to-historia-sukcesu-rozmowa-z-jerzym-stepniem\/\">http:\/\/wiez.com.pl\/2020\/01\/07\/samorzad-to-historia-sukcesu-rozmowa-z-jerzym-stepniem\/<\/a><\/li><li>Jerzy Regulski (1924-2015) \u2013 Professor of Urban Economics and Urban Planning. He was one of the co-authors of the reforms re-establishing self-governance in Poland. The excerpt is from a book in which he describes its causes, design, and course.<\/li><li>Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCJBeiM5uZDQnrG0hLVjhgGw\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCJBeiM5uZDQnrG0hLVjhgGw<\/a><\/li><li>Original title: Oceny dzia\u0142alno\u015bci instytucji publicznych. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/cbos.pl\/SPISKOM.POL\/2020\/K_038_20.PDF\">https:\/\/cbos.pl\/SPISKOM.POL\/2020\/K_038_20.PDF<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>POLAND: From Central to Local Governance \u2013 The Greatest Achievement of Polish Transformation? Author: Stanis\u0142aw Zakroczymski Download PDF I. Overview The lesson describes the significant changes in the management of public affairs which took place in Poland in 1989, because of the transition from democratic centralism, in which the administration was hierarchical and entirely under [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":8533,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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